Пламя грядущего

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Рыцари, давшие клятву верности своему королю, становятся участниками кровопролитных сражений, изнурительных осад и коварных интриг, разыгравшихся вокруг дележа богатств Востока. Что важнее: честь или справедливость – этот мучительный вопрос не дает покоя героям романа, попавшим в водоворот грандиозных событий конца XII века. Джей Уильямс (1914 – 1978) – британский писатель, снискавший большую популярность детскими книгами. 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Рыцари, давшие клятву верности своему королю, становятся участниками кровопролитных сражений, изнурительных осад и коварных интриг, разыгравшихся вокруг дележа богатств Востока. Что важнее: честь или справедливость – этот мучительный вопрос не дает покоя героям романа, попавшим в водоворот грандиозных событий конца XII века."},{"id":"id4214:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Джей Уильямс (1914 – 1978) – британский писатель, снискавший большую популярность детскими книгами. Однако его «взрослые» произведения также по достоинству оценены критиками и читателями. «Пламя грядущего» признан его лучшим романом."},{"id":"id4214:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Джей Уильямс"},{"id":"id4214:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Эпоха третьего крестового похода, или"},{"id":"id4214:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Главные действующие лица похода"},{"id":"id4214:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"От автора"},{"id":"id4214:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"ПЛАМЯ ГРЯДУЩЕГО ДНЯ"},{"id":"id4214:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава I"},{"id":"id4214:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава 2"},{"id":"id4214:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава 3"},{"id":"id4214:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава 4"},{"id":"id4214:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава 5"},{"id":"id4214:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"Хронология крестовых 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Уильямс Пламя грядущего"},{"id":"id4212:0","kind":"heading","text":"Эпоха третьего крестового похода, или Как англичанин, немец и француз решили вновь завоевать Святую землю"},{"id":"id4212:1","kind":"heading","text":"Европа. Краткая хроника конца XII века"},{"id":"id4212:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Главной европейской «осью напряжения» во второй половине двенадцатого века были отношения между королевствами Англии и Франции. В 1154 году граф Анжуйский, вассал французского короля и сеньор обширной области, граничившей с королевскими землями, вступил на английский престол под именем Генрих II (1133 – 1189), положив начало династии Плантагенетов."},{"id":"id4212:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"В руках энергичного Генриха, формально оставшегося вассалом французского монарха, оказались огромные владения – Англия и большая часть Франции, а именно: герцогство Нормандия, графство Анжу с подчиненными ей графствами Мэн и Турень и герцогство Аквитанское, отошедшее к Генриху в результате его брака с Алиенор (Элеонорой) Аквитанской, бывшей супругой французского короля Людовика VII (1137 – 1180). Владения английского короля на континенте в шесть раз превосходили владения короля Франции и закрывали французам выход к морю. Таким образом, развитие Франции, преодоление раздробленности были связаны с борьбой против английской короны. Решающий период этой борьбы настал в период правления Филиппа II Августа (1165 – 1223, на престоле с 1180 г.). Открытый конфликт начался вскоре после окончания Третьего крестового похода и в конечном итоге завершился захватом Нормандии, Мэна, Анжу и части Пуату. В руках английских королей остался лишь юг Пуату и Аквитания."},{"id":"id4212:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Правление Генриха II Плантагенета (1154 – 1189) было важным этапом английской истории. Генрих провел реформы, укрепившие королевскую власть, – в частности, военную (введены фиксированный срок службы феодалов в пользу короля, а также щитовой сбор – выплата феодалами денег взамен иной службы; этих средств было достаточно для найма рыцарей – таким образом снижалась зависимость короля от феодального ополчения баронов)."},{"id":"id4212:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Дом Генриха «отличился» в истории жаркими семейными распрями, о которых достаточно подробно сказано в романе. Его сыновья, включая будущего короля Ричарда I, вели постоянную борьбу с отцом и между собой за наследственные права, борьбу, часто вспыхивавшую открытым мятежом против короля. За причастность к заговорам Генрих подверг заключению свою супругу Алиенор. По легенде, короля хватил удар, когда он узнал, что очередной мятеж возглавлен его любимым сыном Джоном, будущим королем Иоанном Безземельным."},{"id":"id4212:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Правление другого сына Генриха, Ричарда I Львиное Сердце (1157 – 1199, король с 1189 г.), который провел большую часть своего царствования за пределами страны (в войнах на континенте и в Третьем крестовом походе), оказалось весьма разорительным для Англии: огромные средства ушли на организацию похода, а также на выкуп короля, попавшего в плен к герцогу Леопольду. Недовольство чрезмерными поборами и налогами резко возросло при Иоанне (Джоне) Безземельном (1167 – 1216, король с 1199 г.), младшем брате Ричарда, потерявшем большую часть земель на континенте и под давлением баронов подписавшем Великую хартию вольностей, которая усилила права отдельных феодалов и Церкви."},{"id":"id4212:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Германия, в ту пору гордо именовавшаяся Священной Римской империей, была самым крупным государством в Европе и притом – наиболее раздробленным, в отличие от Англии и Франции. За пределами собственно немецких земель лежали страны, находившиеся в вассальной зависимости от империи: Чешское королевство, Северная и Средняя Италия и др. В конце XII и первой половине XIII веков империи принадлежало и Сицилийское королевство на юге Италии. В эту эпоху Германией правила династия Штауфенов. Главными направлениями политики были полное подчинение итальянских городов, захват славянских земель на Востоке и в Прибалтике а также ослабление власти могущественных герцогов Баварии и Саксонии. Наиболее значительными и колоритными правителями были Фридрих I Барбаросса (ок. 1125 – 1190, правил с 1152 г.) и его внук Фридрих II Штауфен (1194 – 1250, с 1197 г. король Сицилии, с 1212 г. германский император) – один из самых образованных людей своего времени. Оба занимались в основном завоевательными войнами в Северной Италии и борьбой с папской властью, за что подвергались отлучению от церкви (о Фридрихе I подробнее сказано ниже). Оба принимали активное участие в крестоносном движении."},{"id":"id4212:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Италия также была раздроблена. Главной опорой власти оставались папский престол в Риме со своим отдельным государством и городские коммуны, мощные, как ни в одной другой стране. Города Италии – Венеция, Генуя, Пиза и др. – стали торговыми, финансовыми и культурными центрами всей Европы. Фактически не принимая военного участия в крестовых походах, Италия в лице торговцев и банкиров порой во многом гарантировала материальное обеспечение крестоносного войска."},{"id":"id4212:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Жизнь Испании была подчинена Реконкисте – борьбе королевств Кастилии и Арагона с мусульманскими эмиратами арабов, занимавшими всю южную половину Пиренейского полуострова."},{"id":"id4212:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Важную политическую роль в Европе стали играть также военно-рыцарские монашеские ордена, образовавшиеся в процессе крестоносного движения. Среди них наиболее крупными были три."}],"toc":[{"id":"id4214:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0#reader-content"},{"id":"id4213:0:1","label":"Джей Уильямс Пламя грядущего","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0#reader-content"},{"id":"id4212:0:1","label":"Эпоха третьего крестового похода, или Как англичанин, немец и француз решили вновь завоевать Святую землю","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0#reader-content"},{"id":"id4212:1:1","label":"Европа. Краткая хроника конца XII века","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0#reader-content"},{"id":"id4212:17:2","label":"Мусульманский восток","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id4212:21:3","label":"Особенности европейского общества в эпоху крестовых походов","page":3,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=3#reader-content"},{"id":"id4212:31:4","label":"Третий крестовый поход.","page":4,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=4#reader-content"},{"id":"id4212:32:4","label":"Хроника событий","page":4,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=4#reader-content"},{"id":"id4211:0:4","label":"Главные действующие лица похода","page":4,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=4#reader-content"},{"id":"id4211:7:6","label":"Куртуазная поэзия","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id4211:11:6","label":"Вооружение","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id4210:0:7","label":"От автора","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id4209:0:7","label":"ПЛАМЯ ГРЯДУЩЕГО ДНЯ","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id4208:0:7","label":"Глава I ФРАНЦИЯ","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id4208:7:8","label":"* * *","page":8,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=8#reader-content"},{"id":"id4208:39:11","label":"* * *","page":11,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=11#reader-content"},{"id":"id4207:0:15","label":"Глава 2 Англия","page":15,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=15#reader-content"},{"id":"id4207:23:18","label":"* * *","page":18,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=18#reader-content"},{"id":"id4207:308:27","label":"* * *","page":27,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=27#reader-content"},{"id":"id4206:0:32","label":"* * *","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id4206:258:41","label":"* * *","page":41,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=41#reader-content"},{"id":"id4205:0:42","label":"* * *","page":42,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=42#reader-content"},{"id":"id4204:0:52","label":"Глава 3 Сицилия и Кипр","page":52,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=52#reader-content"},{"id":"id4204:291:64","label":"* * *","page":64,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=64#reader-content"},{"id":"id4203:0:67","label":"* * *","page":67,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=67#reader-content"},{"id":"id4203:309:77","label":"* * *","page":77,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=77#reader-content"},{"id":"id4203:315:78","label":"* * *","page":78,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=78#reader-content"},{"id":"id4202:0:82","label":"Глава 4 Акра и Яффа","page":82,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=82#reader-content"},{"id":"id4201:0:94","label":"* * *","page":94,"pageUrl":"/books/2G4Op1F0?page=94#reader-content"},{"id":"id4201:23:97","label":"* * 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