Лирика и сатира

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Он видел, как в недрах буржуазно-капиталистического общества зреет грозная революционная сила — рабочий класс, которая готовится вступить в борьбу со старым миром. Он писал, что коммунисты — единственная партия во Франции, заслуживающая уважения."},{"id":"id6173:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"Однако Гейне не сразу пришел на позиции революционной демократии. Его мировоззрение складывалось в мучительных колебаниях и противоречиях. Он ждал, что социальная революция уничтожит в Германии «царство старонемецких ослов», то есть националистов, и сокрушит эксплоататорский строй. Это радовало его, но с другой стороны он смотрел с тревогой в будущее и неясно представлял себе его очертания."},{"id":"id6173:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"В 1843 году Гейне удалось ненадолго съездить в Германию «вдохнуть воздух отечества». В этом же году он познакомился и подружился с Карлом Марксом, под влиянием которого окончательно созрел и окреп его сатирический талант."},{"id":"id6173:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"Под непосредственным воздействием Маркса Гейне создал знаменитое стихотворение «Силезские ткачи», где впервые в мировой поэзии изобразил рабочих как могильщиков старого Мира, ткущих саван реакционной Германии. Маркс с глубоким вниманием относился к творчеству Гейне, придавал большое значение его революционным стихам и нередко цитировал их в своих политических статьях."},{"id":"id6173:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"Острейшие сатиры Гейне на феодальную монархию, на реакционную клику князей, попов и капиталистов написаны под влиянием Маркса и его соратников, которых Гейне с глубоким уважением называл «докторами революции»."},{"id":"id6173:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ко времени дружбы Гейне с Марксом относится создание поэмы «Германия. Зимняя сказка», посвященной впечатлениям поездки на родину. Любимое детище поэта «Германия» является величайшим его произведением, сочетавшим в себе все разнообразные поэтические приемы Гейне. С необычайной свободой и смелостью Гейне смешивает здесь высокий и низкий планы повествования, переходит непосредственно от одних интонаций к другим, прямо противоположным, пародирует приподнятый, патетический тон романтиков и сразу же показывает тот же предмет в зеркале иронии и сатиры. Несмотря на свою пестроту поэма обладает удивительным внутренним единством. Это причудливое смешение стилей, подчиняющееся только прихоти и вдохновению поэта, делает «Зимнюю сказку» одним из самых своеобразных произведений мировой поэзии. Ни в каком другом произведении не удалось Гейне показать с такой художественной остротой и силой отвратительный облик реакционной Германии и в то же время с такой теплотой и задушевностью выразить свою любовь к Германии подлинной, народной. Поэма проникнута страстным желанием видеть народ свободным и счастливым. Гейне понимает, что свобода и счастье сами не придут, их нужно завоевать. Эти мотивы звучат уже в первой главе поэмы:"},{"id":"id6173:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"Мы новую песнь, мы лучшую песнь Теперь, друзья, начинаем: Мы в небо землю превратим, Земля нам будет раем."},{"id":"id6173:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"Революцию 1848 года Гейне встретил в постели, надломленный тяжким недугом. В «матрацной могиле», не вставая с постели, провел он последние восемь лет своей жизни. Но даже измученный болезнью, находил он в себе силы, чтобы яростно бичевать ненавистную прусскую монархию. В эти же годы он создал новый замечательный цикл лирических стихов. Запечатленные глубоким трагизмом, эти стихи свидетельствуют о неувядающей духовной силе поэта. Сквозь юношеские печали, сквозь увлечения и разочарования зрелого возраста, сквозь муки физического недуга пронес он в своем творчестве то жизнерадостное, жизнеутверждающее начало, которое делает Гейне таким близким советскому человеку."},{"id":"id6173:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"Трезвое понимание путей общественного развития позволило Гейне проникнуть умственным взором на целое столетие вперед и с правдивостью очевидца нарисовать будущее Германии. Только мы, воочию видевшие разгул фашистского мракобесия, можем по достоинству оцепить пророческую мощь поэта. Недаром гитлеровские палачи немедленно по приходе к власти внесли творения Гейне в список книг, подлежащих сожжению и вечному забвению. Но пламя фашистских костров не могло выжечь имя Гейне из народной памяти. Как предсказал Гейне временную победу националистов, так предсказал он и их бесславное падение. «Коммунизм, — писал Гейне, — будет первым, кому они попадутся на дороге, и не палицей пришибет их гигант, а раздавит ногой, как давят гадину»."},{"id":"id6173:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"Прошло полтора века со дня рождения Гейне, но его творения выдержали испытание временем. Его лирические стихи волнуют нас и теперь своей глубокой задушевностью, а его сатира по-прежнему наносит смертельные удары врагам прогресса и гуманности. Поэт революционной демократии, Генрих Гейне близок и дорог всему передовому человечеству."},{"id":"id6173:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"Александр Дейч"}],"toc":[{"id":"id6175:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3EAmZh2G#reader-content"},{"id":"id6174:0:1","label":"ГЕНРИХ ГЕЙНЕ ЛИРИКА И САТИРА","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3EAmZh2G#reader-content"},{"id":"id6173:0:1","label":"ГЕНРИХ ГЕЙНЕ","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3EAmZh2G#reader-content"},{"id":"id6173:25:3","label":"* * *","page":3,"pageUrl":"/books/3EAmZh2G?page=3#reader-content"},{"id":"id6172:0:3","label":"СОН И ЖИЗНЬ","page":3,"pageUrl":"/books/3EAmZh2G?page=3#reader-content"},{"id":"id6171:0:3","label":"РАЗГОВОР В ПАДЕРБОРНСКОЙ СТЕПИ[1]","page":3,"pageUrl":"/books/3EAmZh2G?page=3#reader-content"},{"id":"id6171:16:4","label":"* * *","page":4,"pageUrl":"/books/3EAmZh2G?page=4#reader-content"},{"id":"id6171:36:5","label":"* * 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