What an effect this early liberty had in stimulating thought can be seen in a few moments by glancing over the pages of Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature.

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7

For some statements as to hardy characteristics of Spanish peasantry, see Doblado's Letters from Spain. Letter 2.

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8

Sempere, p. 205.

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9

Mariana Hist. of Spain.

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10

Mariana, History of Spain.

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11

Mariana, History of Spain, XIII., 11.

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12

"There probably never lived a prince who, during so long a period, was adored by his subjects as Philip II. was." Buckle, Vol. II., page 21. This explains the popularity of Henry VIII. of England better than all Froude's volumes, able as they are.

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13

All this examination into Aristocratic agency in Spanish decline is left out of Buckle's Summary. He passes at once to Ecclesiasticism and Despotism; but the unprejudiced reader will, I think, see that this statement is supplementary to that. In no other way can any man explain the fatuity of the Spaniards in throwing away these old liberties.

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14

Grandeur et Décadence des Romains; English translation of 1784; pp. 109-10. Compare also L'Esprit des Lois, liv. xiv., chap. 1.

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15

Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, chap. 2.

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16

Fall of Roman Empire, last part of chap. 1.

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17

Histoire de la Civilisation en France, 2mc Leçon.

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18

History of Roman Republic, Book III., chap. 1.

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19

Schlosser, Weltgeshichte für das Deutsche Volk; vol. iv., xiv., 1.

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20

Essay on the Fall of Rome; Essays, vol. iii., p. 445.

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21

History of the Romans, vol. vii., pp. 480-81.

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22

Bancroft's Miscellanies.

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23

The Roman and the Teuton—Lectures delivered before the University of Cambridge, p. 20.

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24

Guizot, Civilisation en Europe, 10me Leçon; also Trollope's History of Florence, vol. 1., chap. 2.

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25

Trollope's History of Florence, as above.

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26

Any historical student can easily satisfy himself of the truth of this statement by comparing the cases given by Barante in his Hist. des Ducs de Bourgogne with those given by Sismondi in the Hist. des Républiques Italiennes.

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27

Inferno; canto xii., 138.

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28

Ibid; canto vi., 60.

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29

Histoire des Républiques Italiennes, vol. x.

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30

For the working out of this principle by French and English nobilities into cruelties more frightful and inexcusable than any known to the Inquisition, see Orderic Vital Liv. XII. and XIII., also Barante's Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne.

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31

For examples of the brilliant side of Polish history presented, and dark side forgotten, see Chodzko La Pologne Historique Monumentale et Pittoresque. For fair summaries, see Alison's Essay, and his chapter on Poland, in the History of Europe—the best chapter in the book. The main authorities I have followed are Rulhière and Salvandy.

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32

This statement is based upon my own observations in Poland in the years 1855-6.

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33

Rulhière, Anarchie de Pologne. Vol. I., page 47.

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34

Salvandy, Vie de Jean Sobieski. Vol. I., page 115.

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35

The effects of Polish anarchy at home and intrigue abroad are pictured fully in a few simple touches in the "Journal du Voyage de Boyard Chérémétieff." (Bibliotheque Russe et Polonaise.) Vol. IV., page 13.

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36

To understand the causes of this deep hatred, see Monteil, Histoire des Français des divers Etats, Epitre 22.

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37

St. Beuve, Causeries de Lundi. Also Matthew Arnold's Essays.

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38

Guizot, Civilisation en France, 19me Leçon; also Hüllman's, Staedtewesen des Mittelalters. Vol. III., Chapter 1.

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39

For these preposterous complaints and claims see the Cahiers de doléances quoted in Sir James Stephens' Lectures.

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40

Some details of Richelieu's grapple with the aristocracy I have given in the Atlantic Monthly, Vol. ix., page 611.

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41

For samples of the mental calibre of French nobility under this regime, see case of Baron de Breteuil, who believed that Moses wrote the Lord's Prayer. Bayle St. John's translation of St. Simon, Vol. I., p. 179. For sample of their moral debasement, see case of M. de Vendome. Ibid., Vol. I., p. 187.

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42

In Les Plaideurs.

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43

In Le Médecin Malgré lui, and other plays.

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44

In Le Marriage Forcé.

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45

La Noblesse Commerçante. London, 1756.

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46

For general account, see Mignet, or Louis Blanc, or Thiers. For speeches in detail, see Buchez et Roux, Histoire Parlémentaire, Vol. II., pp. 224-243.

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47

Challamel Histoire-Musée de la République Française, Vol. I., pp. 72-75, where some of these illustrations can be found.

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48

Buchez and Roux, Vol. II., p. 231.

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49

Mignet, Vol. I.

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50

Histoire de la Révolution Française par Deux Amis de la Liberté, Vol. II., p. 228.

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