Any American, whose ideas have been wrested Torywise by Alison, can satisfy himself of the utter inability of an English Tory to write any history involving questions of liberty, by simply looking at Chancellor Kent's notes attached to the chapter on America in the American reprint of Alison's History of Europe.

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52

Constitution de 1791, Titre Premier.

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53

Constitution de 1791, Titre III., Sect. 2, Art. 1.

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54

Any one wishing to see how that inevitable moral debasement came upon the German aristocracy, and in general what the oppressive caste came to finally, can find enough in the 2d vol. of Menzel's History of Germany.

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55

Gerbertzoff, Hist. de la Civilisation en Russie. Haxthausen, Etudes sur la Russie. A full sketch of the Rise and Decline of the serf system in Russia I have attempted in the Atlantic Monthly, Vol. X., page 538.

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56

Creasy's History of English Constitution;—but Hume says of Leicester's Parliament, that it was in the intention of reducing forever both the King and the people under the arbitrary power of a very narrow tyranny, which must have terminated either in anarchy or in violent usurpation and tyranny. Hist. of England, Chap. XII.

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57

I perhaps do the last two Georges injustice. Neither of them would have publicly insulted men of letters and science as the Prince of Wales has several times done recently.

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58

Creasy, Chap. IX.

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59

Fischel on English Constitution, Chap. I., pp. 9, 11. Also Stephens' Edition of De Lolme.

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60

For best account of this, see May's Constitutional History.

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61

See Kay's Social Condition of English People.

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62

Among the grievances put forth by the nobles at the States General of 1614, one was that the wives of the common people wore too good clothing; another was that an orator of the third estate had dared call the nobles their brothers. Sir James Stephens' Lectures.

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63

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64

For a very striking summary of this see Henri Martin's Hist. de France, vol. v., p. 193.

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65

I know of but one plausible exception to this rule—that of the failure of Joseph II. in his dealings with the Rhine provinces. The case of Louis XVI. is no exception, for he was always taking back secretly what he had given openly.

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