Сочинения в 2 томах. Т.1

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Размышляет о природе человека, государстве, законе, добродетелях, божественных законах, вере и истине. Объясняет свои взгляды на свободу, волю и необходимость, аргументируя их логически. Критик традиционных метафизических и схоластических идей, автор теории государства, власти и религии. Автор главных работ, обсуждаемых в примечаниях.","Декарт — Представитель метафизического реализма, противоречивый Гоббсу. Понял понятие «животные духи» как механистический процесс.","Граф Девонширский — Высокопоставленный человек, к которому Гоббс обращается с уважением.","Граф Нью‑Кэстлский — Получатель философских размышлений Гоббса.","Иисус Христос — Не получил царской власти, но получил власть учить и отпустить грехи.","Господь — В тексте упоминается как источник и подтверждающий естественные и моральные законы.","Мать — Власть принадлежит ей до тех пор, пока она не откажется от ребёнка или не будет захвачена.","Ребёнок — Объект власти, переходящий от матери к воспитателю, от захваченной матери к захватчику, от отца к ребёнку в браке.","Илья — Показал боговдохновенность огненным явлением.","Святой Павел — Указывает на необходимость основывать веру на Писании.","Святой Иоанн — Определяет критерии для распознавания духа.","Кавендиш — Пригласил Гоббса в качестве воспитателя сына после окончания Оксфордского университета."]},{"key":"quotes","title":"Цитаты","body":["Свет человеческого разума","Я мыслю, следовательно, я существую","Существует большое различие между законом и правом,- подчеркнуто здесь,- ибо закон – это узы, право же есть свобода, и они противоположны друг другу.","Проблема культуры, созданной человеческой деятельностью, к природе – одна из глобальных проблем философской мысли.","Силлогизм есть не что иное, как сложение двух предложений, связанных третьим общим термином, именуемым средним.","Если средний термин в обеих посылках не относится к одной и той же вещи, то из них нельзя вывести никакого заключения.","Движение есть непрерывная перемена мест, т. е. оставление одного места и достижение другого.","Тело больше другого тела, если часть его равна всему этому другому телу.","Во-первых, они в большинстве случаев беспорядочны и бессвязны.","В-третьих, сновидения иногда овладевают усталыми людьми в силу постепенного замедления и изменения течения их представлений."]}],"authorSummary":{"key":"authorSummary","title":"Сводка по автору из Wikidata","body":"1588–1679. Thomas Hobbes. английский философ (1588—1679)"},"hasArtifacts":true,"canReadInApp":true,"readUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_803465","artifactsUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_803465","readCtaLabel":"Читать бесплатно","artifactsCtaLabel":"AI-разбор","appReadLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=r_803465","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=r_803465","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=r_803465","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_803465"},"appAnalysisLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=b_803465","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=b_803465","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=b_803465","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_803465"},"guestReaderUrl":"/books/09q4EwNj#reader-content","authorCtaLabel":"Все книги автора","authorProtectedUrl":"/author/b87f84c9-2a93-102a-9ac3-800cba805322","readersCount":0,"adultLabel":"0+","yearLabel":null,"datePublished":null,"publisherLabel":null,"isbn":null,"oclc":null,"lccn":null,"partnerUrl":null,"accessNote":"Полный текст книги и AI-разбор откроются на защищенных страницах BookRa после входа."},"reader":{"page":1,"totalPages":206,"hasPrev":false,"hasNext":true,"prevPageUrl":null,"nextPageUrl":"/books/09q4EwNj?page=2#reader-content","progressLabel":"Страница 1 из 206","sections":[{"id":"id9204:0","kind":"heading","text":"Annotation"},{"id":"id9204:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"В первый том \"Сочинений\" Гоббса входят его основные работы, которые представляют теорию познания, натурфилософию, а также социально-политические взгляды автора. Произведения, составляющие первый том: трилогия Гоббса «О теле», «О человеке», «О гражданине»; «Человеческая природа», «О свободе и необходимости»."},{"id":"id9204:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Гоббс Т."},{"id":"id9204:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"БЫТИЕ, ПОЗНАНИЕ, ЧЕЛОВЕК И ОБЩЕСТВО В ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ ДОКТРИНЕ ТОМАСА ГОББСА"},{"id":"id9204:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"ОСНОВНЫЕ ФАКТЫ ЖИЗНИ ГОББСА И ЕГО ГЛАВНЫЕ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"ПРЕДМЕТ ФИЛОСОФИИ В ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ ГОББСА"},{"id":"id9204:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ГНОСЕОЛОГИЯ ГОББСА"},{"id":"id9204:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"МЕХАНИСТИЧЕСКАЯ АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ ГОББСА И ЕЕ ТРУДНОСТИ"},{"id":"id9204:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"ПОНЯТИЕ БОГА И ЕГО ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧЕЛОВЕК КАК СУБЪЕКТ МОРАЛИ И ПРОБЛЕМА ЕГО СВОБОДЫ"},{"id":"id9204:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"УЧЕНИЕ ОБ ОБЩЕСТВЕ И ГОСУДАРСТВЕ"},{"id":"id9204:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"ПРОБЛЕМА КУЛЬТУРЫ И ПРОБЛЕМА РЕЛИГИИ"},{"id":"id9204:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"УЧЕНИЕ ГОББСА В ИСТОРИИ ФИЛОСОФИИ"},{"id":"id9204:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"ОСНОВЫ ФИЛОСОФИИ"},{"id":"id9204:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧАСТЬ ПЕРВАЯ О ТЕЛЕ"},{"id":"id9204:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"К ЧИТАТЕЛЮ"},{"id":"id9204:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"РАЗДЕЛ ПЕРВЫЙ ИСЧИСЛЕНИЕ, ИЛИ ЛОГИКА"},{"id":"id9204:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА I О ФИЛОСОФИИ"},{"id":"id9204:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА II О НАИМЕНОВАНИЯХ"},{"id":"id9204:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА III О ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IV О СИЛЛОГИЗМЕ"},{"id":"id9204:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА V О ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЯХ, ЛОЖНЫХ УТВЕРЖДЕНИЯХ И СОФИЗМАХ"},{"id":"id9204:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VI О МЕТОДЕ"},{"id":"id9204:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"РАЗДЕЛ ВТОРОЙ ПЕРВАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VII О ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ И ВРЕМЕНИ"},{"id":"id9204:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VIII О ТЕЛЕ И АКЦИДЕНЦИИ [СВОЙСТВЕ]"},{"id":"id9204:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IX О ПРИЧИНЕ И ДЕЙСТВИИ"},{"id":"id9204:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА X О ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ"},{"id":"id9204:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XI О ТОЖДЕСТВЕ И РАЗЛИЧИИ"},{"id":"id9204:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XII О КОЛИЧЕСТВЕ"},{"id":"id9204:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIII ОБ АНАЛОГИЯХ, ИЛИ О ТОЖДЕСТВЕ ОТНОШЕНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIV О ПРЯМЫХ И КРИВЫХ ЛИНИЯХ. УГОЛ И ФИГУРА"},{"id":"id9204:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"РАЗДЕЛ ТРЕТИЙ О ЗАКОНАХ ДВИЖЕНИЯ И ВЕЛИЧИН"},{"id":"id9204:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XV О ПРИРОДЕ И РАЗЛИЧНОМ ПОНИМАНИИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ И СТРЕМЛЕНИЯ (ИМПУЛЬСА – CONATUS)"},{"id":"id9204:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XVI О РАВНОМЕРНОМ И УСКОРЕННОМ ДВИЖЕНИИ; О ДВИЖЕНИИ, ВОЗНИКАЮЩЕМ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ СТОЛКНОВЕНИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XVII О НЕСОВЕРШЕННЫХ ФИГУРАХ"},{"id":"id9204:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XVIII О РАВЕНСТВЕ ПРЯМЫХ И ПАРАБОЛИЧЕСКИХ ЛИНИЙ"},{"id":"id9204:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIX О РАВЕНСТВЕ УГЛОВ ПАДЕНИЯ И УГЛОВ ОТРАЖЕНИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XX ОБ ИЗМЕРЕНИИ ОКРУЖНОСТИ И ДЕЛЕНИИ ДУГИ И УГЛОВ"},{"id":"id9204:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXI О КРУГОВОМ ДВИЖЕНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXII О ДРУГИХ РАЗЛИЧИЯХ ДВИЖЕНИЙ"},{"id":"id9204:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXIII О ЦЕНТРЕ РАВНОВЕСИЯ ТЕЛ, КОТОРЫЕ ДАВЯТ КНИЗУ ПО ПРЯМЫМ ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНЫМ ЛИНИЯМ"},{"id":"id9204:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXIV О ПРЕЛОМЛЕНИИ (РЕФРАКЦИИ) И ОТРАЖЕНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"РАЗДЕЛ ЧЕТВЕРТЫЙ ФИЗИКА, ИЛИ О ЯВЛЕНИЯХ ПРИРОДЫ"},{"id":"id9204:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXV ОБ ОЩУЩЕНИИ И ЖИВОТНОМ ДВИЖЕНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXVI ОБ УНИВЕРСУМЕ И ЗВЕЗДАХ"},{"id":"id9204:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXVII О СВЕТЕ, ТЕПЛОТЕ И ЦВЕТАХ"},{"id":"id9204:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXVIII О ХОЛОДЕ, ВЕТРЕ, ТВЕРДОСТИ, ЛЬДЕ, ЭЛАСТИЧНОСТИ, ПРОЗРАЧНОСТИ, МОЛНИИ, ГРОМЕ И ОБ ИСТОЧНИКАХ РЕК"},{"id":"id9204:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXIX О ЗВУКЕ, ЗАПАХЕ, ВКУСЕ И ОСЯЗАНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XXX О ТЯЖЕСТИ"},{"id":"id9204:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ [95]"},{"id":"id9204:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧАСТЬ ВТОРАЯ О ЧЕЛОВЕКЕ"},{"id":"id9204:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА I О ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО РОДА. О ЖИЗНИ И СМЕРТИ"},{"id":"id9204:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА II О ЛИНИИ ЗРЕНИЯ И ВОСПРИЯТИИ ДВИЖЕНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА III О КАЖУЩЕМСЯ МЕСТОНАХОЖДЕНИИ ПРЕДМЕТА, ИЛИ, КАК ГОВОРЯТ МНОГИЕ, О МЕСТЕ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ ПРИ НЕПОСРЕДСТВЕННОМ ВИДЕНИИ, Т. Е. В СЛУЧАЕ КОГДА НЕТ НИКАКОГО ОТРАЖЕНИЯ И ПРЕЛОМЛЕНИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IV ОБ ОТОБРАЖЕНИИ ПРЕДМЕТА В ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ"},{"id":"id9204:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА V О КАЖУЩЕМСЯ МЕСТОНАХОЖДЕНИИ ПРЕДМЕТА ПРИ ОТРАЖЕНИИ ЕГО В ПЛОСКИХ И СФЕРИЧЕСКИ ВЫПУКЛЫХ ЗЕРКАЛАХ"},{"id":"id9204:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VI О КАЖУЩЕМСЯ МЕСТОНАХОЖДЕНИИ ПРЕДМЕТА ПРИ ОТРАЖЕНИИ ЕГО В СФЕРИЧЕСКИ ВЫПУКЛОМ ЗЕРКАЛЕ"},{"id":"id9204:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VII О КАЖУЩЕМСЯ МЕСТОНАХОЖДЕНИИ ПРЕДМЕТА, ВОСПРИНИМАЕМОГО ПРИ ПРОСТОМ ПРЕЛОМЛЕНИИ"},{"id":"id9204:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VIII О ВИДЕНИИ ПРИ ДВОЙНОМ ПРЕЛОМЛЕНИИ, ИЛИ О ПРОСТЫХ И СФЕРИЧЕСКИ ВЫПУКЛЫХ И ВОГНУТЫХ ЛИНЗАХ"},{"id":"id9204:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IX О ДВОЙНЫХ ЛИНЗАХ, ИЛИ О ТЕЛЕСКОПЕ И МИКРОСКОПЕ"},{"id":"id9204:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА X О РЕЧИ И НАУКАХ"},{"id":"id9204:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XI О ВЛЕЧЕНИИ И ОТВРАЩЕНИИ, О ПРИЯТНОМ И НЕПРИЯТНОМ И ИХ ПРИЧИНАХ"},{"id":"id9204:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XII ОБ АФФЕКТАХ, ИЛИ ВОЛНЕНИЯХ ДУШИ"},{"id":"id9204:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIII О СПОСОБНОСТЯХ И НРАВАХ"},{"id":"id9204:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIV О РЕЛИГИИ"},{"id":"id9204:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧАСТЬ ТРЕТЬЯ О ГРАЖДАНИНЕ"},{"id":"id9204:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ЧИТАТЕЛЯМ"},{"id":"id9204:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"СВОБОДА"},{"id":"id9204:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА I О ПОЛОЖЕНИИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА ВНЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА"},{"id":"id9204:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА II О ЗАКОНЕ ПРИРОДЫ ПРИМЕНИТЕЛЬНО К ДОГОВОРАМ"},{"id":"id9204:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА III ОБ ОСТАЛЬНЫХ ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ ЗАКОНАХ"},{"id":"id9204:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IV О ТОМ, ЧТО ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫЙ ЗАКОН ЕСТЬ ЗАКОН БОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ"},{"id":"id9204:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"ВЛАСТЬ"},{"id":"id9204:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА V О ПРИЧИНАХ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВА"},{"id":"id9204:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VI О ПРАВЕ СОВЕТА ИЛИ ОДНОГО ЧЕЛОВЕКА, ОБЛЕЧЕННОГО В ГОСУДАРСТВЕ ВЕРХОВНОЙ ВЛАСТЬЮ"},{"id":"id9204:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VII О ТРЕХ ВИДАХ ГОСУДАРСТВА: ДЕМОКРАТИИ, АРИСТОКРАТИИ, МОНАРХИИ"},{"id":"id9204:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VIII О ПРАВЕ ГОСПОД НАД РАБАМИ"},{"id":"id9204:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IX О ПРАВЕ РОДИТЕЛЕЙ ПО ОТНОШЕНИЮ К ДЕТЯМ И О ПАТРИАРХАЛЬНОМ ЦАРСТВЕ"},{"id":"id9204:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА X СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ ТРЕХ ВИДОВ ГОСУДАРСТВА С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ НЕДОСТАТКОВ КАЖДОГО ИЗ НИХ"},{"id":"id9204:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XI МЕСТА И ПРИМЕРЫ ИЗ СВЯЩЕННОГО ПИСАНИЯ, ОТНОСЯЩИЕСЯ К ПРАВУ НА ВЛАСТЬ И КОТОРЫЕ, ПО НАШЕМУ МНЕНИЮ, ПОДТВЕРЖДАЮТ ВЫШЕСКАЗАННОЕ"},{"id":"id9204:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XII О ВНУТРЕННИХ ПРИЧИНАХ, РАЗРУШАЮЩИХ ГОСУДАРСТВО"},{"id":"id9204:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIII ОБ ОБЯЗАННОСТЯХ ТЕХ, КТО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЕТ ВЕРХОВНУЮ ВЛАСТЬ"},{"id":"id9204:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIV О ЗАКОНАХ И ИХ НАРУШЕНИЯХ"},{"id":"id9204:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"РЕЛИГИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XV О ЕСТЕСТВЕННОМ ЦАРСТВЕ БОЖИЕМ"},{"id":"id9204:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XVI О ВЕТХОЗАВЕТНОМ ЦАРСТВЕ БОЖИЕМ"},{"id":"id9204:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XVII О НОВОЗАВЕТНОМ ЦАРСТВЕ БОЖИЕМ"},{"id":"id9204:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XVIII О ТОМ, ЧТО НЕОБХОДИМО ДЛЯ ВСТУПЛЕНИЯ В ЦАРСТВО НЕБЕСНОЕ"},{"id":"id9204:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКАЯ ПРИРОДА"},{"id":"id9204:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА I"},{"id":"id9204:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА II"},{"id":"id9204:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА III"},{"id":"id9204:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IV"},{"id":"id9204:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА V"},{"id":"id9204:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VI"},{"id":"id9204:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VII"},{"id":"id9204:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА VIII"},{"id":"id9204:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА IX"},{"id":"id9204:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА X"},{"id":"id9204:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XI"},{"id":"id9204:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XII"},{"id":"id9204:102","kind":"paragraph","text":"ГЛАВА XIII"},{"id":"id9204:103","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ"},{"id":"id9204:104","kind":"paragraph","text":"О СВОБОДЕ И НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ"},{"id":"id9204:105","kind":"paragraph","text":"ТРЕЗВОМУ И БЛАГОРАЗУМНОМУ ЧИТАТЕЛЮ"},{"id":"id9204:106","kind":"paragraph","text":"* * *"},{"id":"id9204:107","kind":"paragraph","text":"К АРГУМЕНТАМ ИЗ РАЗУМА"},{"id":"id9204:108","kind":"paragraph","text":"КАК НЕКОТОРЫЕ РАЗЛИЧИЯ, КОТОРЫЕ, СОГЛАСНО МНЕНИЮ ЕГО СИЯТЕЛЬСТВА, МОГУТ БЫТЬ ПРИВЕДЕНЫ ПРОТИВ ЕГО АРГУМЕНТОВ, УСТРАНЯЮТСЯ ИМ"},{"id":"id9204:109","kind":"paragraph","text":"МОЕ МНЕНИЕ О СВОБОДЕ И НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ"},{"id":"id9204:110","kind":"paragraph","text":"МОИ ОСНОВАНИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:111","kind":"paragraph","text":"ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ"},{"id":"id9204:112","kind":"paragraph","text":"ОСНОВ ФИЛОСОФИИ"},{"id":"id9204:113","kind":"paragraph","text":"ОСНОВ ФИЛОСОФИИ"},{"id":"id9204:114","kind":"paragraph","text":"ОСНОВ ФИЛОСОФИИ"},{"id":"id9204:115","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКАЯ ПРИРОДА"},{"id":"id9204:116","kind":"paragraph","text":"О СВОБОДЕ И 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