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What is Man? and Other Essays — обложка книги
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What is Man? and Other Essays

Автор Марк Твен
6+
Дата написания1970-01-01
Язык книгиen
Возрастное ограничение6+
Темы
американская литератураамериканская классика

Описание

Книга исследует природу человека как машины, влияние внешних факторов на мышление и поведение, а также рассматривает вопросы памяти, исторической памяти, языковых реформ и авторства Шекспира, сочетая философские размышления с личными воспоминаниями автора.

Главный конфликт / проблема

Вопрос о том, обладает ли человек свободной волей и какова истинная природа его действий, а также сомнения в традиционном авторстве Шекспира

Ключевые идеи

  • Человек – машина, формируемая внешними влияниями.
  • Личная заслуга и самопожертвование – иллюзии, мотивы основаны на внутреннем удовлетворении.
  • Единственный импульс человека – стремление к собственному спокойствию и признанию.
  • Человек формируется внешними влияниями, особенно окружением, и не создает собственные идеи.
  • Мозг работает автоматически, не подчиняясь воле, и человек не может управлять им.
  • Идея истинной свободы воли отвергается; существует лишь ограниченный «свободный выбор».
  • Внутренний «Мастер» стремится к духовному удовлетворению, а не к благу других.
  • Человек сравнивается с животными: одинаковая машина, различия лишь в качестве.
  • Смерть Жана как катализатор переосмысления жизни и ценности простых моментов.
  • Поворотные точки – лишь части цепочки событий, а не отдельные решения.
  • Память и воспоминания как способ справиться с утратой.
  • Визуальные образы и дорожные метки помогают запоминать исторические даты.

Вывод

Книга приводит к выводу, что человек в значительной степени определяется внешними влияниями и не обладает истинной свободой воли, а также подчёркивает необходимость критического подхода к историческим мифам и признанным авторским традициям.

Кому полезна

  • Студенты и исследователи философии
  • Литературоведы и историки
  • Общие читатели, интересующиеся человеческой природой
  • Педагоги и преподаватели, ищущие методы обучения

Главные темы

  • Природа человека как машины
  • Влияние окружения и обучения
  • Память и историческая память
  • Языковые реформы и критика традиций
  • Личное путешествие и наблюдения
  • Велосипедные уроки и критика авторства
  • Авторство Шекспира и Фрэнсиса Бакена

Персонажи

  • Mark Twain — Автор книги, использует личный опыт для иллюстрации методов запоминания дат, описывает убийство императрицы, критически относится к упрощённой орфографии, продвигает фонографию, высмеивает традиции, описывает впечатления от Швейцарии и Байрета, сочетая исторические факты с личными наблюдениями, имеет ограниченную физическую подготовку, но стремится к обучению и самосовершенствованию, переживает утрату Жана и размышляет о судьбе и поворотных точках.
  • Shakespeare — Смерть без общественного признания, глубокие знания права, возможно юрист. Автор утверждает, что у него нет достоверных биографических данных.
  • Francis Bacon — Теоретически автор Шекспировских произведений, ученый, юрист, государственный деятель, обладатель выдающихся интеллектуальных способностей.
  • Old Man — Представляет аргументы о внешнем происхождении мыслей и действий, подчёркивает отсутствие личной инициативы.
  • Young Man — Изначально сомневается в идее машины, но постепенно принимает её.
  • Old Servant — Показывает, как возраст и окружение меняют поведение.
  • Jean Clemens — Близкая подруга, любящая животных, участвующая в повседневных делах и празднованиях.
  • Kaye — Сообщила о смерти Жана и участвовала в воспоминаниях.
  • Clara — Была близка к Жане и пережила потерю.
  • Empress of Austria — Убитая в Женеве в 1898 году, её смерть вызвала мировую скорбь.
  • Murderer of Empress — Провёл акт убийства, который мгновенно распространился по миру.
  • Reverend J. H. Twichell — Получил письмо от Твена о новостях убийства.

Цитаты

  • «Человек – машина, и всё, что он делает, управляется законами конструкции, а не личной волей.»
  • «Единственный импульс человека – стремление к внутреннему удовлетворению и самодовольству.»
  • «Человек – это машина, созданная Богом, и его действия обусловлены внешними факторами, а не личной инициативой.»
  • «Мозг работает автоматически, не подчиняясь воле, и человек не может управлять им.»
  • «Смерть Жана и поворот жизни – Часть 3»
  • «Смерть Жана – это не конец, а начало нового понимания жизни»
  • Пictures can make dates stick. They can make nearly anything stick—particularly IF YOU MAKE THE PICTURES YOURSELF.
  • The assassination of the Empress of Austria at Geneva, September 10, 1898, occurred during Mark Twain's Austrian residence.
  • Ничего не было, что могло бы быть чище, чем белоснежный облик Юнгфрау, как будто сама природа держит в себе тайну священного.
  • В Байрете, где каждый зритель становится частью мольбы, я понял, что истинное искусство требует от нас не только внимания, но и уважения.

Сводка по автору из Wikidata

1835–1910. Mark Twain. американский писатель, журналист и общественный деятель (1835–1910)

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Y.M. I don't merely think it, I know it. Suppose I resolve to enter upon a course of thought, and study, and reading, with the deliberate purpose of changing that opinion; and suppose I succeed. THAT is not the work of an exterior impulse, the whole of it is mine and personal; for I originated the project.

O.M. Not a shred of it. IT GREW OUT OF THIS TALK WITH ME. But for that it would not have occurred to you. No man ever originates anything. All his thoughts, all his impulses, come FROM THE OUTSIDE.

Y.M. It's an exasperating subject. The FIRST man had original thoughts, anyway; there was nobody to draw from.

O.M. It is a mistake. Adam's thoughts came to him from the outside. YOU have a fear of death. You did not invent that—you got it from outside, from talking and teaching. Adam had no fear of death—none in the world.

Y.M. Yes, he had.

O.M. When he was created?

Y.M. No.

O.M. When, then?

Y.M. When he was threatened with it.

O.M. Then it came from OUTSIDE. Adam is quite big enough; let us not try to make a god of him. NONE BUT GODS HAVE EVER HAD A THOUGHT WHICH DID NOT COME FROM THE OUTSIDE. Adam probably had a good head, but it was of no sort of use to him until it was filled up FROM THE OUTSIDE. He was not able to invent the triflingest little thing with it. He had not a shadow of a notion of the difference between good and evil—he had to get the idea FROM THE OUTSIDE. Neither he nor Eve was able to originate the idea that it was immodest to go naked; the knowledge came in with the apple FROM THE OUTSIDE. A man's brain is so constructed that IT CAN ORIGINATE NOTHING WHATSOEVER. It can only use material obtained OUTSIDE. It is merely a machine; and it works automatically, not by will-power. IT HAS NO COMMAND OVER ITSELF, ITS OWNER HAS NO COMMAND OVER IT.

Y.M. Well, never mind Adam: but certainly Shakespeare's creations—

O.M. No, you mean Shakespeare's IMITATIONS. Shakespeare created nothing. He correctly observed, and he marvelously painted. He exactly portrayed people whom GOD had created; but he created none himself. Let us spare him the slander of charging him with trying. Shakespeare could not create. HE WAS A MACHINE, AND MACHINES DO NOT CREATE.

Y.M. Where WAS his excellence, then?

O.M. In this. He was not a sewing-machine, like you and me; he was a Gobelin loom. The threads and the colors came into him FROM THE OUTSIDE; outside influences, suggestions, EXPERIENCES (reading, seeing plays, playing plays, borrowing ideas, and so on), framed the patterns in his mind and started up his complex and admirable machinery, and IT AUTOMATICALLY turned out that pictured and gorgeous fabric which still compels the astonishment of the world. If Shakespeare had been born and bred on a barren and unvisited rock in the ocean his mighty intellect would have had no OUTSIDE MATERIAL to work with, and could have invented none; and NO OUTSIDE INFLUENCES, teachings, moldings, persuasions, inspirations, of a valuable sort, and could have invented none; and so Shakespeare would have produced nothing. In Turkey he would have produced something—something up to the highest limit of Turkish influences, associations, and training. In France he would have produced something better—something up to the highest limit of the French influences and training. In England he rose to the highest limit attainable through the OUTSIDE HELPS AFFORDED BY THAT LAND'S IDEALS, INFLUENCES, AND TRAINING. You and I are but sewing-machines. We must turn out what we can; we must do our endeavor and care nothing at all when the unthinking reproach us for not turning out Gobelins.

Y.M. And so we are mere machines! And machines may not boast, nor feel proud of their performance, nor claim personal merit for it, nor applause and praise. It is an infamous doctrine.

O.M. It isn't a doctrine, it is merely a fact.

Y.M. I suppose, then, there is no more merit in being brave than in being a coward?

O.M. PERSONAL merit? No. A brave man does not CREATE his bravery. He is entitled to no personal credit for possessing it. It is born to him. A baby born with a billion dollars—where is the personal merit in that? A baby born with nothing—where is the personal demerit in that? The one is fawned upon, admired, worshiped, by sycophants, the other is neglected and despised— where is the sense in it?

Y.M. Sometimes a timid man sets himself the task of conquering his cowardice and becoming brave—and succeeds. What do you say to that?

O.M. That it shows the value of TRAINING IN RIGHT DIRECTIONS OVER TRAINING IN WRONG ONES. Inestimably valuable is training, influence, education, in right directions—TRAINING ONE'S SELF-APPROBATION TO ELEVATE ITS IDEALS.

Y.M. But as to merit—the personal merit of the victorious coward's project and achievement?

O.M. There isn't any. In the world's view he is a worthier man than he was before, but HE didn't achieve the change—the merit of it is not his.

Y.M. Whose, then?

O.M. His MAKE, and the influences which wrought upon it from the outside.

Y.M. His make?

O.M. To start with, he was NOT utterly and completely a coward, or the influences would have had nothing to work upon. He was not afraid of a cow, though perhaps of a bull: not afraid of a woman, but afraid of a man. There was something to build upon. There was a SEED. No seed, no plant. Did he make that seed himself, or was it born in him? It was no merit of HIS that the seed was there.

Y.M. Well, anyway, the idea of CULTIVATING it, the resolution to cultivate it, was meritorious, and he originated that.

O.M. He did nothing of the kind. It came whence ALL impulses, good or bad, come—from OUTSIDE. If that timid man had lived all his life in a community of human rabbits, had never read of brave deeds, had never heard speak of them, had never heard any one praise them nor express envy of the heroes that had done them, he would have had no more idea of bravery than Adam had of modesty, and it could never by any possibility have occurred to him to RESOLVE to become brave. He COULD NOT ORIGINATE THE IDEA—it had to come to him from the OUTSIDE. And so, when he heard bravery extolled and cowardice derided, it woke him up. He was ashamed. Perhaps his sweetheart turned up her nose and said, "I am told that you are a coward!" It was not HE that turned over the new leaf—she did it for him. HE must not strut around in the merit of it—it is not his.

Y.M. But, anyway, he reared the plant after she watered the seed.

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