Русская литература в 1841 году

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И так же, как и в предшествующем обзоре, большое место уделено Белинским экскурсу в историю русской словесности, который должен оправдать в глазах читателей его «надежду на будущее»."},{"id":"id2139:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Виссарион Григорьевич Белинский"},{"id":"id2139:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Примечания"},{"id":"id2139:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"notes"},{"id":"id2139:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Сноски"},{"id":"id2139:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id2139:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id2139:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id2139:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id2139:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Комментарии"},{"id":"id2139:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id2139:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id2139:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id2139:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id2139:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id2139:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id2139:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id2139:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id2139:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id2139:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id2139:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id2139:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id2139:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id2139:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id2139:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id2139:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"16"},{"id":"id2139:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"17"},{"id":"id2139:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"18"},{"id":"id2139:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"19"},{"id":"id2139:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"20"},{"id":"id2139:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"21"},{"id":"id2139:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"22"},{"id":"id2139:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"23"},{"id":"id2139:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"24"},{"id":"id2139:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"25"},{"id":"id2139:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"26"},{"id":"id2139:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"27"},{"id":"id2139:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"28"},{"id":"id2139:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"29"},{"id":"id2139:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"30"},{"id":"id2139:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"31"},{"id":"id2139:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"32"},{"id":"id2139:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"33"},{"id":"id2139:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"34"},{"id":"id2139:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"35"},{"id":"id2139:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"36"},{"id":"id2139:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"37"},{"id":"id2139:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"38"},{"id":"id2139:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"39"},{"id":"id2139:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"40"},{"id":"id2139:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"41"},{"id":"id2139:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"42"},{"id":"id2139:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"43"},{"id":"id2139:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"44"},{"id":"id2139:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"45"},{"id":"id2139:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"46"},{"id":"id2139:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"47"},{"id":"id2139:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"48"},{"id":"id2139:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"49"},{"id":"id2139:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"50"},{"id":"id2139:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"51"},{"id":"id2139:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"52"},{"id":"id2139:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"53"},{"id":"id2139:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"54"},{"id":"id2139:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"55"},{"id":"id2139:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"56"},{"id":"id2139:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"57"},{"id":"id2139:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"58"},{"id":"id2139:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"59"},{"id":"id2139:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"60"},{"id":"id2139:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"61"},{"id":"id2139:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"62"},{"id":"id2139:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"63"},{"id":"id2139:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"64"},{"id":"id2139:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"65"},{"id":"id2139:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"66"},{"id":"id2139:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"67"},{"id":"id2139:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"68"},{"id":"id2139:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"69"},{"id":"id2139:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"70"},{"id":"id2139:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"71"},{"id":"id2139:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"72"},{"id":"id2139:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"73"},{"id":"id2139:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"74"},{"id":"id2139:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"75"},{"id":"id2139:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"76"},{"id":"id2139:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"77"},{"id":"id2139:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"78"},{"id":"id2139:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"79"},{"id":"id2139:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"80"},{"id":"id2139:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"81"},{"id":"id2139:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"82"},{"id":"id2139:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"83"},{"id":"id2139:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"84"},{"id":"id2139:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"85"},{"id":"id2139:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"86"},{"id":"id2139:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"87"},{"id":"id2139:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"88"},{"id":"id2139:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"89"},{"id":"id2139:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"90"},{"id":"id2139:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"91"},{"id":"id2139:102","kind":"parag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Григорьевич Белинский Русская литература в 1841 году"},{"id":"id2138:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Исторический взгляд вообще на русскую литературу. – Кантемир – Ломоносов – Сумароков – Державин – Фонвизин – Дмитриев – Карамзин – Крылов – Озеров – Жуковский – Батюшков – Гнедич – Пушкин и его школа – Грибоедов. – Русские романы и романисты – Гоголь. – Современная литература в 1841 году: Периодические издания – Литературные и ученые сочинения. – Общий вывод"},{"id":"id2138:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Сокровища родного слова, Заметят важные умы, Для лепетания чужого Пренебрегли безумно мы. Мы любим муз чужих игрушки, Чужих наречий погремушки, А не читаем книг своих. Да где ж они? – давайте их! Конечно: северные звуки Ласкают мой привычный слух; Их любит мой славянский дух; Их музыкой сердечны муки Усыплены: но дорожит Одними ль звуками пиит? И где ж мы первые познанья И мысли первые нашли? Где поверяем испытанья, Где узнаем судьбу земли? Не в переводах одичалых, Не в сочиненьях запоздалых, Где русский ум и русских дух Зады твердит и лжет за двух. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Поэты наши переводят Или молчат; один журнал Исполнен приторных похвал, Тот брани плоской; все наводят Зевоту скуки, чуть не сон: Хорош российский Геликон!"},{"id":"id2138:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Пушкин{1}"},{"id":"id2138:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"В этих стихах Пушкина заключается самая резкая характеристика русской литературы. Правда, многие не без основания могут принять их скорее за эпиграмму на русскую литературу, нежели за характеристику ее, потому что уже поэзия самого Пушкина не подходит под эту характеристику, а у нас, кроме Пушкина, есть и еще несколько явлений, достойных более или менее почетного упоминания даже при его имени. Но если это» не характеристика, то и не совсем эпиграмма. Эпиграмма есть плод презрения или предубеждения к предмету, на который она нападает; а Пушкин, которого поэзия – самый звучный и торжественный орган русского духа и русского слова, не мог презирать топ литературы, которой посвятил всю жизнь свою. Впрочем, для оправдания великого поэта в подобном презрении довольно было бы и этих чудных стихов, в которых с такою задушевностию, с таким умилением высказывается самое родственное, самое кровное чувство любви к родному слову:"},{"id":"id2138:5","kind":"paragraph","text":". . . . Северные звуки Ласкают мой привычный слух; Их любит мой славянский дух; Их музыкой сердечны муки Усыплены. . . . {2}"},{"id":"id2138:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Между тем любовь любовью, а истина прежде всего – даже прежде самой любви. Вам, конечно, не раз случалось слышать от других и самим предлагать вопрос: «Что нового у нас в литературе?» или: «Нет ли чего-нибудь прочесть?» Скажите: как вы отвечали или как вам отвечали на этот вопрос?.. Правда, у нас выходит ежемесячно книг до тридцати: ими испещряются книгопродавческие объявления, суждениями о них наполняются библиографические отделы журналов; их хвалят и бранят, о них спорят и бранятся; а между тем все-таки —"},{"id":"id2138:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Да где ж они? – давайте их!"},{"id":"id2138:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Как хотите, а это – презатруднительный вопрос! Попытаемся, однако ж, ответить на него, только не прямо и не просто, и не от своего лица, а в форме следующего разговора между двумя лицами – А и Б."},{"id":"id2138:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. – Так где ж они? – давайте их!"},{"id":"id2138:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б. – Извольте. Только их так много, что ни мне перечесть, ни вам унести с собою невозможно. Начнем с начала."},{"id":"id2138:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. – Да, если вы вздумаете прочесть мне весь каталог Смирдина, то, конечно, останетесь победителем в нашем споре."},{"id":"id2138:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б. – Нет: я буду говорить только о капитальных явлениях нашей литературы, которых бессмертие признано знаменитейшими авторитетами в деле эстетического вкуса и подтверждено «общим мнением»."},{"id":"id2138:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. – Интересно; начинайте же именно с начала русской литературы."},{"id":"id2138:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б. – Ну, вот вам «Сатиры Кантемира»…"},{"id":"id2138:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. – Покорно благодарю; ведь я спрашивал вас о книгах, которые годятся не для одного украшения библиотек, но и для чтения…"},{"id":"id2138:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б. – Как! вы не признаете достоинства Кантемировых сатир? Вспомните, какою славою пользовались они в свое время! Вспомните эту поэтическую надпись к портрету знаменитого сатирика:"},{"id":"id2138:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"Старинный слог его достоинств не умалит. Порок! не подходи: сей взор тебя ужалит!{ 3}"},{"id":"id2138:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"Вспомните, что так основательно высказано Жуковским в его превосходной статье «О сатирах Кантемира»…"},{"id":"id2138:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. – Как же, как же! читал я и ее: статья точно превосходная; но ваша первая попытка занять меня чтением все-таки не удалась: я уже читал Кантемира, а перечитывать – страшусь и подумать, потому что я читаю не из одного любопытства, но и для удовольствия."},{"id":"id2138:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б. – Вот Ломоносов – поэт, лирик, трагик, оратор, ретор, ученый муж…"},{"id":"id2138:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. – И прибавьте – великий характер, явление, делающее честь человеческой природе и русскому имени; только не поэт, не лирик, не трагик и не оратор, потому что реторика – в чем бы она ни была, в стихах или в прозе, в оде или похвальном слове – не поэзия и не ораторство, а просто реторика, вещь, высокочтимая в школах, любезная педантам, но скучная и неприятная для людей с умом, душою и вкусом…"},{"id":"id2138:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б. – Помилуйте!"},{"id":"id2138:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"Он наших стран Малерб, он Пиндару подобен!{ 4}"},{"id":"id2138:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. – Не спорю: может быть, он и Малерб «наших стран», но от этого «нашим странам» отнюдь не легче, и это нисколько не мешает «нашим странам» зевать от тяжелых, прозаических и реторических стихов Ломоносова. Но между им и Пиндаром так же мало общего, как между олимпийскими играми и нашими иллюминациями, или олимпийскими ристаниями и нашими Лебедянскими скачками; за это я постою и поспорю. Пиндар был поэт: вот уже и несходство с Ломоносовым. Поэзия Пиндара выросла из почвы эллинского духа, из недр эллинской национальности; так называемая поэзия Ломоносова выросла из варварских схоластических реторик духовных училищ XVII века: вот и еще несходство…"},{"id":"id2138:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б. – Но Ломоносову удивлялся Державин, его превозносил Мерзляков, и нет ни одного сколько-нибудь известного русского поэта, критика, литератора, который не видел бы в Ломоносове великого лирика. В одной статье «Вестника Европы» сказано: «Ломоносов дивное и великое светило, коего лучезарным сиянием не налюбоваться в сытость и позднейшему потомству»{5}."}],"toc":[{"id":"id2139:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi#reader-content"},{"id":"id2138:0:1","label":"Виссарион Григорьевич Белинский Русская литература в 1841 году","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi#reader-content"},{"id":"id2137:0:16","label":"* * *","page":16,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=16#reader-content"},{"id":"id2136:0:21","label":"Примечания","page":21,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=21#reader-content"},{"id":"id2136:5:22","label":"notes","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2135:0:22","label":"Сноски","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2134:0:22","label":"1","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2133:0:22","label":"2","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2132:0:22","label":"3","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2131:0:22","label":"4","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2130:0:22","label":"Комментарии","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2125:0:22","label":"5","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2124:0:22","label":"6","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2123:0:22","label":"7","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2122:0:22","label":"8","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2121:0:22","label":"9","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2120:0:22","label":"10","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2119:0:22","label":"11","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2118:0:22","label":"12","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2117:0:22","label":"13","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2116:0:22","label":"14","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2115:0:22","label":"15","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2114:0:22","label":"16","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2113:0:22","label":"17","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2112:0:22","label":"18","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2111:0:22","label":"19","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2110:0:22","label":"20","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2109:0:22","label":"21","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2108:0:22","label":"22","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2107:0:22","label":"23","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2106:0:22","label":"24","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2105:0:22","label":"25","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2104:0:22","label":"26","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2103:0:22","label":"27","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2102:0:22","label":"28","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2101:0:23","label":"29","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id2100:0:23","label":"30","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id299:0:23","label":"31","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id298:0:23","label":"32","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id297:0:23","label":"33","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id296:0:23","label":"34","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id295:0:23","label":"35","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id294:0:23","label":"36","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id293:0:23","label":"37","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id292:0:23","label":"38","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id291:0:23","label":"39","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id290:0:23","label":"40","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id289:0:23","label":"41","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id288:0:23","label":"42","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id287:0:23","label":"43","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id286:0:23","label":"44","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id285:0:23","label":"45","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id284:0:23","label":"46","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id283:0:23","label":"47","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id282:0:23","label":"48","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/2xv3ovsi?page=23#reader-content"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