Три последних самодержца

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Тридцать три года Богданович кропотливо записывала в дневник все казавшееся ей достойным внимания, хотя и не претендовала на роль историографа трех последних императоров. Несмотря на отсутствие глубокого политического анализа происходящего, она достаточно подробно и с большой долей достоверности сумела зафиксировать многие события, имевшие место в период с 1879 по 1912 год»."},{"id":"id41209:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Указатель имен вставлен как отдельная глава."},{"id":"id41209:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"В Указателе имен возможны ошибки, так как специальная сверка с текстом не проводилась. Номера страниц печатного оригинала в указателе… удалены."},{"id":"id41209:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Александра Викторовна Богданович"},{"id":"id41209:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Предисловие"},{"id":"id41209:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"От издательства"},{"id":"id41209:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"1879 год"},{"id":"id41209:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"1880 год"},{"id":"id41209:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"1881 год"},{"id":"id41209:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"1888 год"},{"id":"id41209:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"1889 год"},{"id":"id41209:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"1890 год"},{"id":"id41209:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"1891 год"},{"id":"id41209:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"1892 год"},{"id":"id41209:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"1893 год"},{"id":"id41209:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"1894 год"},{"id":"id41209:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"1895 год"},{"id":"id41209:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"1896 год"},{"id":"id41209:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"1897 год"},{"id":"id41209:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"1898 год"},{"id":"id41209:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"1899 год"},{"id":"id41209:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"1900 год"},{"id":"id41209:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"1901 год"},{"id":"id41209:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"1902 год"},{"id":"id41209:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"1903 год"},{"id":"id41209:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"1904 год"},{"id":"id41209:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"1905 год"},{"id":"id41209:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"1906 год"},{"id":"id41209:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"1907 год"},{"id":"id41209:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"1908 год"},{"id":"id41209:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"1909 год"},{"id":"id41209:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"1910 год"},{"id":"id41209:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"1911 год"},{"id":"id41209:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"1912 год"},{"id":"id41209:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"Указатель имен"},{"id":"id41209:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"А"},{"id":"id41209:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"Б"},{"id":"id41209:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"В"},{"id":"id41209:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"Г"},{"id":"id41209:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"Д"},{"id":"id41209:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"Е"},{"id":"id41209:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ж"},{"id":"id41209:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id41209:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"И"},{"id":"id41209:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"К"},{"id":"id41209:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"Л"},{"id":"id41209:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"М"},{"id":"id41209:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"Н"},{"id":"id41209:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"О"},{"id":"id41209:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"П"},{"id":"id41209:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"Р"},{"id":"id41209:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"С"},{"id":"id41209:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"Т"},{"id":"id41209:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"У"},{"id":"id41209:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ф"},{"id":"id41209:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"Х"},{"id":"id41209:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ц"},{"id":"id41209:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ч"},{"id":"id41209:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ш"},{"id":"id41209:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"Щ"},{"id":"id41209:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"Э"},{"id":"id41209:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ю"},{"id":"id41209:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"Я"},{"id":"id41209:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"notes"},{"id":"id41209:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id41209:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id41209:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id41209:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id41209:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id41209:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id41209:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id41209:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id41209:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id41209:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id41209:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id41209:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id41209:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id41209:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id41209:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id41209:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"16"},{"id":"id41209:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"17"},{"id":"id41209:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"18"},{"id":"id41209:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"19"},{"id":"id41209:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"20"},{"id":"id41209:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"21"},{"id":"id41209:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"22"},{"id":"id41209:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"23"},{"id":"id41209:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"24"},{"id":"id41209:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"25"},{"id":"id41209:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"26"},{"id":"id41209:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"27"},{"id":"id41209:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"28"},{"id":"id41209:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"29"},{"id":"id41209:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"30"},{"id":"id41209:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"31"},{"id":"id41209:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"32"},{"id":"id41209:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"33"},{"id":"id41209:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"34"},{"id":"id41209:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"35"},{"id":"id41209:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"36"},{"id":"id41209:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"37"},{"id":"id41209:102","kind":"paragraph","text":"38"},{"id":"id41209:103","kind":"paragraph","text":"39"},{"id":"id41209:104","kind":"paragraph","text":"40"},{"id":"id41209:105","kind":"paragraph","text":"41"},{"id":"id41209:106","kind":"paragraph","text":"42"},{"id":"id41209:107","kind":"paragraph","text":"43"},{"id":"id41209:108","kind":"paragraph","text":"44"},{"id":"id41209:109","kind":"paragraph","text":"45"},{"id":"id41209:110","kind":"paragraph","text":"46"},{"id":"id41209:111","kind":"paragraph","text":"47"},{"id":"id41209:112","kind":"paragraph","text":"48"},{"id":"id41209:113","kind":"paragraph","text":"49"},{"id":"id41209:114","kind":"paragraph","text":"50"},{"id":"id41209:115","kind":"paragraph","text":"51"},{"id":"id41209:116","kind":"paragraph","text":"52"},{"id":"id41209:117","kind":"paragraph","text":"53"},{"id":"id41209:118","kind":"paragraph","text":"54"},{"id":"id41209:119","kind":"paragraph","text":"55"},{"id":"id41209:120","kind":"paragraph","text":"56"},{"id":"id41209:121","kind":"paragraph","text":"57"},{"id":"id41209:122","kind":"paragraph","text":"58"},{"id":"id41209:123","kind":"paragraph","text":"59"},{"id":"id41209:124","kind":"paragraph","text":"60"},{"id":"id41209:125","kind":"paragraph","text":"61"},{"id":"id41209:126","kind":"paragraph","text":"62"},{"id":"id41209:127","kind":"paragraph","text":"63"},{"id":"id41209:128","kind":"paragraph","text":"64"},{"id":"id41209:129","kind":"paragraph","text":"65"},{"id":"id41209:130","kind":"paragraph","text":"66"},{"id":"id41209:131","kind":"paragraph","text":"67"},{"id":"id41209:132","kind":"paragraph","text":"68"},{"id":"id41209:133","kind":"paragraph","text":"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Викторовна Богданович ТРИ ПОСЛЕДНИХ САМОДЕРЖЦА"},{"id":"id41207:0","kind":"heading","text":"Предисловие"},{"id":"id41207:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"История России… Великая и сложная панорама судеб страны на протяжении столетий. Она наполнена множеством разнообразных событий и бесчисленным количеством персонажей, полна настоящего пафоса и глубокого драматизма. Сегодня очевидно, какой большой интерес к прошлому наблюдается в нашем обществе. Это нельзя считать случайным. Понять настоящее до конца нельзя без учета прошедшего, которое незримо многое определяет в дне нынешнем. По своей органической, глубинной сути история неделима. Оценка ее не может быть однозначной; она не может быть ни «хорошей», ни «плохой»; ее нельзя ни «обелить», ни «очернить». Прошлое нельзя рассматривать и в сослагательном наклонении. Что было — то было. Было же всякое: и величие побед, и горечь поражений; удивительные подвиги, примеры бескорыстия и самопожертвования — рядом с трусостью, эгоизмом и бездушием; роскошь и изобилие, с одной стороны, нищета и бесправие — с другой. Последние годы довольно часто раздаются голоса о «кризисе истории»."},{"id":"id41207:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Думается, что подобные утверждения не совсем точны. Уместней говорить не о действительной истории, а о крушении тех мифологем, которые создавались как профессиональными историками, так и многими другими на протяжении довольно длительного времени. В угоду сиюминутным интересам «текущего момента» события часто произвольно препарировались, из событийного контекста выхватывались отдельные исторические факты и эпизоды, которые затем свободно «интерпретировались» в соответствии с ходульными идеологическими схемами. Такой подход был характерен не только для истории советского общества, но в значительной степени и для дооктябрьского периода."},{"id":"id41207:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Большую роль в изменении сложившегося положения, в придании истории истинного колорита и своеобразия играет широкая публикаторская деятельность, развернувшаяся в нашей стране в последние годы. Достоянием читательских кругов становятся многие свидетельства минувшего, как никогда не публиковавшиеся в СССР, так и появившиеся давно и относящиеся к разряду книжных раритетов. В это число входит и дневник Александры Викторовны Богданович, вышедший небольшим тиражом в 1924 г. в издательстве Френкель и сохранившийся лишь в некоторых крупнейших библиотеках."},{"id":"id41207:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"В центре Ленинграда, на Исаакиевской площади стоит импозантный трехэтажный особняк, построенный еще в 60-е годы XVIII века для Л. А. Нарышкина (дом № 9, архитектор А. Ринальди). В 20- 40-е годы прошлого века дом принадлежал поэту И. П. Мятлеву, а затем его владельцем стал Евгений Васильевич Богданович (1829–1914). Это была заметная фигура в иерархическом ареопаге самодержавия: генерал от инфантерии, член совета министра внутренних дел. С конца XIX века он состоял старостой Исаакиевского собора, был почетным членом правления «Исаакиевского братства» и издавал различные брошюры ультра-патриотического содержания. Он был женат на дочери егермейстера В. Н. Бутовского — Александре Викторовне, перу которой и принадлежит предлагаемое вниманию читателей сочинение."},{"id":"id41207:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Перед нами интересный по содержанию и форме источник, в известной степени отражающий умонастроения и взгляды всего петербургского «бомонда» на переломном рубеже российской истории — в период кризисов, войн и революций. Волею событий достоянием общественности стал документ, который тщательно скрывался от посторонних. Залогом искренности автора служит сам характер материала — личные записи, не предназначавшиеся для опубликования. Это выгодно отличает такие свидетельства от тех, которые можно, например, почерпнуть в мемуарах, где последующие события и представления часто ретушируют ушедшую действительность. Делавшиеся на протяжении нескольких десятилетий приватные дневниковые заметки петербургской аристократки дают яркую панораму высших слоев российского общества, державших в своих руках основные рычаги государственного управления и потерпевших в конечном итоге историческое поражение."},{"id":"id41207:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Многие аспекты драмы старой России, завершившейся крахом монархии, становятся ясней и понятней, когда удается заглянуть за кулисы власти с помощью автора дневника."},{"id":"id41207:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Конечно, изучать историю по данной книге нельзя, но она позволяет расширить знания о многих событиях и увидеть мир глазами тех, кто искренне хотел сохранить старый уклад российской жизни, где было тепло, сытно и уютно меньшинству и где подавляющее большинство населения влачило жалкое, нищенское и бесправное существование. Сегодня очевидно, что попытки спасти разлагавшийся самодержавный режим были бесперспективны. Масштабы социальных противоречий были столь велики и остры, что делали революционный взрыв неизбежным. Приближение его чувствовали и многие современники, в том числе и из кругов придворно-сановных сфер, к которым принадлежали супруги Богданович. Будучи рьяными монархистами, приверженцами «партии порядка», они не хотели никаких серьезных реформ, видя в них угрозу традиционному и «священному» принципу самодержавной власти, которая одна должна была решать все внутренние и внешнеполитические проблемы. В силу своих убеждений истоки политических и социальных конфликтов они видели не в глубинных реальностях российской жизни, а в ошибках и просчетах отдельных должностных лиц, заговорах «анархистов и социалистов», неблагоприятном стечении обстоятельств и прочее."}],"toc":[{"id":"id41209:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi#reader-content"},{"id":"id41208:0:1","label":"Александра Викторовна Богданович ТРИ ПОСЛЕДНИХ САМОДЕРЖЦА","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi#reader-content"},{"id":"id41207:0:1","label":"Предисловие","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi#reader-content"},{"id":"id41207:8:2","label":"Особняк Богдановичей на Исакиевской площади в Петербурге. В настоящее время в этом здании располагается Ленинградский с…","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id41207:14:2","label":"Парадная лестница особняка. Фото А. Варфоломеева. 1989 г.","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id41207:37:6","label":"* * *","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id41206:0:6","label":"От издательства","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id41205:0:6","label":"1879 год","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id41205:6:7","label":"Великий князь Константин Николаевич, командующий флотом и морским министерством.","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id41205:38:8","label":"Александр II с детьми Марией и Александром","page":8,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=8#reader-content"},{"id":"id41204:0:9","label":"1880 год","page":9,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=9#reader-content"},{"id":"id41204:5:9","label":"Император Александр II","page":9,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=9#reader-content"},{"id":"id41203:0:14","label":"1881 год","page":14,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=14#reader-content"},{"id":"id41203:40:15","label":"Покушение на Александра II. Петербург. 1 марта 1881 г.","page":15,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=15#reader-content"},{"id":"id41203:48:15","label":"Император Александр III.","page":15,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=15#reader-content"},{"id":"id41203:94:17","label":"Московский полицмейстер Дмитрий Федорович Трепов.","page":17,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=17#reader-content"},{"id":"id41203:113:17","label":"Суд над «первомартовцами». На скамье подсудимых: А. И. Желябов, С. Л. Перовская, Н. И. Кибальчич, Т. М. Михайлов, Н. И.…","page":17,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=17#reader-content"},{"id":"id41202:0:21","label":"1888 год","page":21,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=21#reader-content"},{"id":"id41202:23:22","label":"Великий князь Николай Николаевич, фельдмаршал.","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id41202:46:23","label":"Заседание Святейшего синода.","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id41202:80:25","label":"Офицеры на обеде у шефа полка великой княгини Марии Павловны. Петербург. 1910 г.","page":25,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=25#reader-content"},{"id":"id41201:0:29","label":"1889 год","page":29,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=29#reader-content"},{"id":"id41201:25:30","label":"Обер-прокурор Святейшего синода Константин Петрович Победоносцев. 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Ливадия. 1893 г.","page":53,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=53#reader-content"},{"id":"id41196:0:54","label":"1894 год","page":54,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=54#reader-content"},{"id":"id41196:30:55","label":"Николай II с сестрами Гессенскими — Александрой Федоровной (слева) и Елизаветой Федоровной.","page":55,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=55#reader-content"},{"id":"id41196:54:56","label":"Пикник в лесу. Беловежская пуща. 1892 г.","page":56,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=56#reader-content"},{"id":"id41195:0:57","label":"1895 год","page":57,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=57#reader-content"},{"id":"id41195:6:57","label":"Николай II и Александра Федоровна. 1895 г.","page":57,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=57#reader-content"},{"id":"id41195:25:58","label":"Тверская конституция","page":58,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=58#reader-content"},{"id":"id41195:26:58","label":"(Благонамеренное рассуждение)","page":58,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=58#reader-content"},{"id":"id41194:0:58","label":"1896 год","page":58,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=58#reader-content"},{"id":"id41194:54:60","label":"Трупы задавленных на Ходынском поле во время коронации","page":60,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=60#reader-content"},{"id":"id41193:0:63","label":"1897 год","page":63,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=63#reader-content"},{"id":"id41192:0:64","label":"1898 год","page":64,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=64#reader-content"},{"id":"id41191:0:65","label":"1899 год","page":65,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=65#reader-content"},{"id":"id41191:79:69","label":"Колыбельная песня","page":69,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=69#reader-content"},{"id":"id41191:80:69","label":"(новые вирши на старый напев)","page":69,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=69#reader-content"},{"id":"id41191:82:69","label":"Остроумный гешефт","page":69,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=69#reader-content"},{"id":"id41191:135:71","label":"Александр III с женой Марией Федоровной (справа) и дочерью.","page":71,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=71#reader-content"},{"id":"id41191:140:71","label":"Министр императорского двора Владимир Борисович Фдредерикс. 1890-е гг.","page":71,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=71#reader-content"},{"id":"id41190:0:72","label":"1900 год","page":72,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=72#reader-content"},{"id":"id41190:5:72","label":"Воскресный базар.","page":72,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=72#reader-content"},{"id":"id41189:0:75","label":"1901 год","page":75,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=75#reader-content"},{"id":"id41189:3:75","label":"Николай II после парада следует в офицерское собрание. 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А. Фуллоном среди членов Собрания русских фабрично-заводских рабочи…","page":96,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=96#reader-content"},{"id":"id41185:29:96","label":"Общий вид Дворцовой площади 9 января 1905 г.","page":96,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=96#reader-content"},{"id":"id41185:54:97","label":"Петербург. 1905 г.","page":97,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=97#reader-content"},{"id":"id41185:153:101","label":"Николай II в лазарете имени императрицы Александры Федоровны среди раненых.","page":101,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=101#reader-content"},{"id":"id41185:244:104","label":"Манифест 17 октября 1905 г.","page":104,"pageUrl":"/books/3fpBspHi?page=104#reader-content"},{"id":"id41185:296:105","label":"Под конвоем лейтенант П. Шмидт. 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