Мазепа

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Литвак"},{"id":"id2354:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава первая"},{"id":"id2354:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава вторая"},{"id":"id2354:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава третья"},{"id":"id2354:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава четвертая"},{"id":"id2354:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава пятая"},{"id":"id2354:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава шестая"},{"id":"id2354:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава седьмая"},{"id":"id2354:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава восьмая"},{"id":"id2354:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава девятая"},{"id":"id2354:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава десятая"},{"id":"id2354:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава одиннадцатая"},{"id":"id2354:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава двенадцатая"},{"id":"id2354:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава тринадцатая"},{"id":"id2354:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава четырнадцатая"},{"id":"id2354:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава пятнадцатая"},{"id":"id2354:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава шестнадцатая"},{"id":"id2354:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава 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Костомаров МАЗЕПА"},{"id":"id2352:0","kind":"heading","text":"Б. Г. Литвак «Гетман-злодей»"},{"id":"id2352:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Имя Ивана Степановича Мазепы известно современному читателю скорее всего как одно из действующих лиц поэмы А. С. Пушкина «Полтава», откуда мы заимствовали чеканную пушкинскую характеристику и вынесли ее в заголовок этого предисловия. Реальная историческая личность, так или иначе связанная с историей петровского времени, Мазепа представляет интерес не только в контексте Северной войны Петра Великого и Карла XII. Эта фигура появилась на горизонте истории украинского народа во время, когда эйфория воссоединения с Россией выветрилась под грубым напором царского кулака, когда взамен польского крепостного ига украинские крестьяне подвергались закрепощению своей же «единокровной» старшиной под эгидой и при усиленной поддержке господствующего класса Российского государства."},{"id":"id2352:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Со времени исторической Переяславской рады 1654 г., принявшей решение о воссоединении Украины с Россией, и до 1663 г. все вопросы, касавшиеся Левобережной Украины, решались в канцелярии по малороссийским делам Посольского приказа, т. е. внешнеполитического ведомства царского правительства. В 1663 г. был учрежден Приказ Малыя России, который более известен как Малороссийский приказ. Он был непосредственно подчинен царю и должен был усилить контроль за деятельностью гетманского управления Украиной. Взаимоотношения России и Украины во времена гетманства Мазепы регулировались так называемыми «Коломацкими статьями», принятыми в 1687 г. Эти статьи подтверждали наделение Левобережной Украины «правами и вольностями их прежними», но фиксировали наличие в Киеве, Чернигове, Переяславе, Нежине и Остере русских воевод и ратных людей «для обороны от неприятелей и чтоб впредь в малороссийских городах замешания и измены ни от кого никакия не было»[1]. Статьи определяли порядок избрания гетмана и генеральной старшины, управлявших Украиной, статус «его царского пресветлого величества войска Запорожского». Без царского указа ни выборы гетмана, ни его устранение не разрешались. То же касалось генеральной старшины, гетманова войска и полковников, в том числе из русских офицеров, высших церковных иерархов."},{"id":"id2352:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"К моменту избрания гетманом Мазепы Левобережная Украина имела следующее административно-территориальное деление и внутреннее управление. Она была разделена на десять полков: Гадячский, Киевский, Лубенский, Миргородский, Нежинский, Переяславский, Полтавский, Прилукский, Стародубский, Черниговский. Эти административно-территориальные образования, в свою очередь, делились на сотни (примерно до 20 в каждом полку), сотни делились на курени, а последние объединяли несколько селений."},{"id":"id2352:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Управление Украиной осуществлялось гетманом, избрание которого подтверждалось царской грамотой. В его руках была сосредоточена не только административная и военная власть, но и высшая судебная: без его санкции смертная казнь не совершалась. При гетмане действовала генеральная старшина в составе генерального обозного, в ведении которого была вся артиллерия, генерального судьи, ведавшего генеральным судом, генерального подскарбия, ведавшего финансовыми делами, генерального писаря, ведавшего канцелярией, двух генеральных есаулов-инспекторов войска и адъютантов гетмана; примерно теми же функциями были наделены генеральный хорунжий и генеральный бунчуковый. Генеральная старшина составляла и внешний слой класса феодалов, — так, Мазепа владел 100 тыс. крестьян на Украине и 20 тыс. в соседних с ней уездах России. Генеральный писарь, а затем генеральный судья Василий Леонтьевич Кочубей, как пишет А. С. Пушкин, был «богат и славен… Его луга необозримы;"},{"id":"id2352:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Там табуны его коней Пасутся вольны, нехранимы. Кругом Полтавы хутора Окружены его садами, И много у него добра, Мехов, атласа, серебра И на виду, и под замками»."},{"id":"id2352:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Не отставали от генерального писаря и другие представители старшины. Полковое управление копировало на уровне полка высшее управление. Во главе военно-административной и судебной власти стоял полковник, при нем — полковая старшина: обозный, писарь, есаул, судья, хорунжий. Официально все должны были быть выборными и утверждались гетманом специальным универсалом. Полковнику вручались символы власти: полковничий пернач, знамя и печать. Как свидетельствовал Кочубей, Мазепа «за полковницкие уряды великие берет взятки»[2]. Сотенное управление состояло из сотника и сотенной старшины. Должности также были выборными. Выборы сотника подтверждались универсалом гетмана, после чего ему вручалась «корогва» (сотенное знамя). В состав старшины входили хорунжий, писарь, есаул. За исполнение своих обязанностей они получали денежную оплату в год от 25 до 50 золотых. Это отличало их от полковой и генеральной старшины, которая наделялась землей и крестьянами, не считая различных «подарков». На самой низшей ступени администрации стоял куренной атаман, которому подчинялись казаки куреня. Крестьяне и мещане куреней были подчинены войту. Эта стройная иерархия управления дополнялась отдельными волостями (подданными церкви) или староствами (гетманскими автономными владениями) — ими управляли старосты, которых назначал гетман. Таким был политико-административный строй Левобережной Украины во времена Мазепы."}],"toc":[{"id":"id2354:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd#reader-content"},{"id":"id2353:0:1","label":"Николай Костомаров МАЗЕПА","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd#reader-content"},{"id":"id2352:0:1","label":"Б. Г. Литвак «Гетман-злодей»","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd#reader-content"},{"id":"id2351:0:7","label":"Глава первая","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id2350:0:11","label":"Глава вторая","page":11,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=11#reader-content"},{"id":"id2349:0:14","label":"Глава третья","page":14,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=14#reader-content"},{"id":"id2348:0:20","label":"Глава четвертая","page":20,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=20#reader-content"},{"id":"id2347:0:29","label":"Глава пятая","page":29,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=29#reader-content"},{"id":"id2346:0:33","label":"Глава шестая","page":33,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=33#reader-content"},{"id":"id2345:0:39","label":"Глава седьмая","page":39,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=39#reader-content"},{"id":"id2344:0:44","label":"Глава восьмая","page":44,"pageUrl":"/books/4TSBl0kd?page=44#reader-content"},{"id":"id2343:0:53","label":"Глава 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