Кто виноват?

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Один из друзей моих впоследствии стращал меня, говоря: „Если ты не напишешь новой статьи, – я напечатаю твою повесть, она у меня!“ По счастью, он не исполнил своей угрозы…»","catalogType":"PUBLIC_DOMAIN","catalogTypeLabel":"Общественное достояние","authorLine":"Александр Иванович Герцен","authors":[{"id":"993d3ed7-fb20-102b-99a2-0288a49f2f10","displayName":"Александр Иванович Герцен","protectedUrl":"/author/993d3ed7-fb20-102b-99a2-0288a49f2f10","wikipediaUrl":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","wikidataUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201221"}],"genres":[{"id":5305,"title":"литература 19 века","token":null,"publicUrl":"https://bookra.app/genre/5305"},{"id":5297,"title":"русская классика","token":null,"publicUrl":"https://bookra.app/genre/5297"}],"keywords":["психологическая проза","становление героя","социальная проза"],"facts":[{"key":"dateWritten","label":"Дата написания","value":"1845-12-31"},{"key":"bookLanguage","label":"Язык книги","value":"ru"},{"key":"adult","label":"Возрастное ограничение","value":"12+"}],"seoSections":[{"key":"summaryShort","title":"Описание","body":"Книга повествует о жизни и взаимоотношениях нескольких семей и чиновников в России XIX века, раскрывая семейные, социальные и личные конфликты через призму авторского процесса написания повести «Кто виноват?»."},{"key":"conflict","title":"Главный конфликт / проблема","body":"Кто виноват? — в семейных и общественных разногласиях, в личных амбициях и разочарованиях, в бюрократических ограничениях"},{"key":"keyIdeas","title":"Ключевые идеи","body":["Авторский процесс написания повести","Взаимоотношения между персонажами и их биографии","Критика общественных и семейных ролей","Патриархальная семейная структура и её влияние на личность","Внутренний мир сироты Люботы и её поиск признания","Любовные чувства молодого учителя Круциферского и их конфликт с семейными ценностями","Влияние дворянских выборов на общественную жизнь губернского города.","Мистический и загадочный образ Владимира Бельтова, связанный с масонскими и зарубежными кругами.","Семейная трагедия и усилия матери Бельтова, которая превратила крестьянскую жизнь в управляемое имение.","Бюрократическая работа формирует практический опыт, но может подавлять личные стремления","Стремление к новым профессиям часто сталкивается с реальностью и приводит к разочарованию","Письма и общение с близкими могут не успевать достичь их, усиливая чувство изоляции"]},{"key":"conclusion","title":"Вывод","body":"Книга приводит к размышлениям о том, что виноват не один, а совокупность обстоятельств, и что поиск ответов требует осознания сложных взаимосвязей."},{"key":"audience","title":"Кому полезна","body":["любители русской классической литературы","исследователи социологии и истории","чтение для тех, кто интересуется семейными и общественными отношениями"]},{"key":"topics","title":"Главные темы","body":["семейные отношения","социальные и бюрократические структуры","личные амбиции и разочарования","публичные и личные конфликты"]},{"key":"characters","title":"Персонажи","body":["Алексей Абрамович — Строгий, но доброжелательный генерал, переживает семейные и профессиональные трудности; суровый, придерживается традиционных ценностей, часто ругает прислугу и детей, но в глубине заботится о семье.","Дмитрий Яковлевич — Скромный, неуверенный учитель, стремится оправдать доверие генерала; больной, переживает страх за здоровье жены, пытается поддержать её.","Любонька — Молодая девушка, чувствует одиночество и недопонимание, пишет дневник о своих чувствах; ценит семейные ценности, но часто испытывает оскорбления со стороны родителей.","Круциферский — Влюблён в Любоньку, пытается убедить Алексея дать ему шанс; трудолюбивый и скромный, стремится к семейному счастью; боязливый и ревнивый, переживает страх потерять жену, подозревает её в любви к Бельтову; изначально отстранен, но позже принимает участие в празднике.","Бельтов — Приходит в дом, создаёт новые связи; погружён в печаль, размышляет о жизни и смерти, испытывает сильную эмоциональную реакцию на письмо о смерти учителя; влюблён в Любовью Александровну, пытается понять её чувства, испытывает ревность и сомнения; обсуждает семейные и служебные вопросы с Семеном Ивановичем.","Любовь Александровна — Обсуждает смерть учителя и эмоциональные переживания с Бельтовым; чувствует внутренний конфликт между любовью к Бельтову и верностью мужу, ведёт дневник, описывающий болезнь и эмоции; показывает эмоциональную реакцию на разлуку.","Семен Иванович — Врач, обсуждает состояние Бельтов с ним, советует изменить образ жизни, обсуждает семейные проблемы.","Семен Иванович Крупов — Старший учитель, помогает молодым парам, дарит им мебель и коляску, вводит их в круг знакомых, включая Бельтова; обсуждает семейные и профессиональные вопросы.","Миша — Молодой, здоровый, получает образование от Дмитрия Яковлевича.","Глафира Львовна — Тихая, заботливая, участвует в семейных делах; чувствительная, но иногда недооценивающая внутренние потребности Любоньки, часто жалуется на здоровье.","Французская мадам — Обучает детей, играет роль посредницы, иногда вмешивается в семейные дела; бывшая портниха.","Осип Евсеич — Опытный, скромный, известен своей практичностью и глубоким знанием канцелярских дел; символ практического опыта, но не всегда удовлетворяет личные амбиции."]},{"key":"quotes","title":"Цитаты","body":["\"Кто виноват?\" была первая повесть, которую я напечатал.","Алексей Абрамович стоял на балконе; он еще не мог прийти в себя после двухчасового послеобеденного сна;","Давно известно, что человек везде может оклиматиться","Любовь его была как...","Весь город только и говорили о кандидатах, обедах, уездных предводителях, балах и судьях.","Он был, по их речам, и страшен и злонравен.","Он, переписывая набело бумаги и рассматривая в то же время людей начерно, приобретал ежедневно более и более глубокое знание действительности.","Ничего или почти ничего.","«Семейная жизнь – это не просто совместное проживание, а взаимная поддержка и любовь, которые делают нас сильнее».","«Мы живём не ради себя, а ради тех, кто рядом, и именно в этом и кроется счастье»."]}],"authorSummary":{"key":"authorSummary","title":"Сводка по автору из Wikidata","body":"1812–1870. Александр Иванович Герцен. российский писатель, публицист, философ, революционер (1812—1870)"},"hasArtifacts":true,"canReadInApp":true,"readUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_787160","artifactsUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_787160","readCtaLabel":"Читать бесплатно","artifactsCtaLabel":"AI-разбор","appReadLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=r_787160","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=r_787160","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=r_787160","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_787160"},"appAnalysisLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=b_787160","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=b_787160","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=b_787160","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_787160"},"guestReaderUrl":"/books/094zGxtu#reader-content","authorCtaLabel":"Все книги автора","authorProtectedUrl":"/author/993d3ed7-fb20-102b-99a2-0288a49f2f10","readersCount":0,"adultLabel":"12+","yearLabel":null,"datePublished":null,"publisherLabel":null,"isbn":null,"oclc":null,"lccn":null,"partnerUrl":null,"accessNote":"Полный текст книги и AI-разбор откроются на защищенных страницах BookRa после входа."},"reader":{"page":1,"totalPages":61,"hasPrev":false,"hasNext":true,"prevPageUrl":null,"nextPageUrl":"/books/094zGxtu?page=2#reader-content","progressLabel":"Страница 1 из 61","sections":[{"id":"id7236:0","kind":"heading","text":"Annotation"},{"id":"id7236:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Могучий расцвет русской литературы, столь блестяще ознаменованный именами Пушкина, Лермонтова, Гоголя, нашёл своё продолжение в сороковых годах прошлого столетия, когда явилась новая плеяда русских писателей: Некрасов, Тургенев, Гончаров… увы, попадались и откровенно бездарные писатели…"},{"id":"id7236:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Александр Иванович Герцен"},{"id":"id7236:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"От автора"},{"id":"id7236:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧАСТЬ ПЕРВАЯ"},{"id":"id7236:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id7236:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id7236:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id7236:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"IV"},{"id":"id7236:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"V"},{"id":"id7236:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"VI"},{"id":"id7236:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"VII"},{"id":"id7236:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"ЧАСТЬ ВТОРАЯ"},{"id":"id7236:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id7236:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id7236:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id7236:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"IV"},{"id":"id7236:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"V"},{"id":"id7236:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"VI"},{"id":"id7236:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"notes"},{"id":"id7236:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id7236:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id7236:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id7236:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id7236:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id7236:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id7236:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id7236:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id7236:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id7236:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id7236:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id7236:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id7236:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id7236:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id7236:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id7236:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"16"},{"id":"id7236:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"17"},{"id":"id7236:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"18"},{"id":"id7236:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"19"},{"id":"id7236:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"20"},{"id":"id7236:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"21"},{"id":"id7236:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"22"},{"id":"id7236:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"23"},{"id":"id7236:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"24"},{"id":"id7236:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"25"},{"id":"id7236:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"26"},{"id":"id7236:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"27"},{"id":"id7236:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"28"},{"id":"id7236:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"29"},{"id":"id7236:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"30"},{"id":"id7236:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"31"},{"id":"id7236:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"32"},{"id":"id7236:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"33"},{"id":"id7236:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"34"},{"id":"id7236:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"35"},{"id":"id7236:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"36"},{"id":"id7236:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"37"},{"id":"id7236:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"38"},{"id":"id7236:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"39"},{"id":"id7236:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"40"},{"id":"id7236:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"41"},{"id":"id7236:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"42"},{"id":"id7236:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"43"},{"id":"id7236:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"44"},{"id":"id7236:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"45"},{"id":"id7236:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"46"},{"id":"id7236:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"47"},{"id":"id7236:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"48"},{"id":"id7236:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"49"},{"id":"id7236:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"50"},{"id":"id7236:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"51"},{"id":"id7236:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"52"},{"id":"id7236:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"53"},{"id":"id7236:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"54"},{"id":"id7236:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"55"},{"id":"id7236:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"56"},{"id":"id7236:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"57"},{"id":"id7236:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"58"},{"id":"id7236:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"59"},{"id":"id7236:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"60"},{"id":"id7236:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"61"},{"id":"id7236:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"62"},{"id":"id7236:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"63"},{"id":"id7236:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"64"},{"id":"id7236:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"65"},{"id":"id7236:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"66"},{"id":"id7236:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"67"},{"id":"id7236:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"68"},{"id":"id7236:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"69"},{"id":"id7236:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"70"},{"id":"id7236:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"71"},{"id":"id7236:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"72"},{"id":"id7236:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"73"},{"id":"id7236:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"74"},{"id":"id7236:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"75"},{"id":"id7236:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"76"},{"id":"id7236:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"77"},{"id":"id7236:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"78"},{"id":"id7236:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"79"},{"id":"id7236:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"80"},{"id":"id7236:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"81"},{"id":"id7236:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"82"},{"id":"id7236:102","kind":"paragraph","text":"83"},{"id":"id7236:103","kind":"paragraph","text":"84"},{"id":"id7236:104","kind":"paragraph","text":"85"},{"id":"id7236:105","kind":"paragraph","text":"86"},{"id":"id7236:106","kind":"paragraph","text":"87"},{"id":"id7236:107","kind":"paragraph","text":"88"},{"id":"id7236:108","kind":"paragraph","text":"89"},{"id":"id7236:109","kind":"paragraph","text":"90"},{"id":"id7236:110","kind":"paragraph","text":"91"},{"id":"id7236:111","kind":"paragraph","text":"92"},{"id":"id7236:112","kind":"paragraph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Иванович Герцен КТО ВИНОВАТ? роман в двух частях"},{"id":"id7235:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Наталье Александровне Герцен"},{"id":"id7235:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"в знак глубокой симпатии"},{"id":"id7235:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"от писавшего."},{"id":"id7235:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Москва"},{"id":"id7235:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"1846."},{"id":"id7235:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"А. И. Герцен Рисунок А. Л. Витберга (1836 г.)"},{"id":"id7234:0","kind":"heading","text":"От автора"},{"id":"id7234:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"А случай сей за неоткрытием виновных предать воле божией, дело же, почислив решённым, сдать в архив."},{"id":"id7234:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Протокол"},{"id":"id7234:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"«Кто виноват?» была первая повесть, которую я напечатал.[ 1] Я начал ее во время моей новгородской ссылки (в 1841) и окончил гораздо позже в Москве."},{"id":"id7234:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Правда, еще прежде я делал опыты писать что-то вроде повестей; но одна из них не написана,[2] а другая — не повесть.[ 3] В первое время моего переезда из Вятки в Владимир[4] мне хотелось повестью смягчить укоряющее воспоминание, примириться с собою и забросать цветами один женский образ,[5] чтоб на нем не было видно слез.[ 6]"},{"id":"id7234:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Разумеется, что я не сладил с своей задачей, и в моей неоконченной повести было бездна натянутого и, может, две-три порядочные страницы. Один из друзей моих[7] впоследствии стращал меня, говоря: «Если ты не напишешь новой статьи, — я напечатаю твою повесть, она у меня!» По счастью, он не исполнил своей угрозы."},{"id":"id7234:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"В конце 1840 были напечатаны в «Отечественных записках» отрывки из «Записок одного молодого человека», — «Город Малинов и малиновцы»[8] нравились многим; что касается до остального, в них заметно сильное влияние гейневских «Reisebilder».[ 9]"},{"id":"id7234:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Зато «Малинов» чуть не навлек мне бед."},{"id":"id7234:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Один вятский советник хотел жаловаться министру внутренних дел и просить начальственной защиты, говоря, что лица чиновников в г. Малинове до того похожи на почтенных сослуживцев его, что от этого может пострадать уважение к ним от подчиненных. Один из моих вятских знакомых спрашивдл, какие у него докаэательства на то, что малиновцы — пашквиль на вятичей. Советник отвечал ему: «Тысячи! например, авктор прямо говорит, что у жены директора гимназии бальное платье брусничного цвета, — ну разве не так?» Это дошло до директорши, — та взбесилась, да не на меня, а на советника. «Что он, слеп или из ума шутит? — говорила она. — Где он видел у меня платье брусничного цвета? У меня, действительно, было темное платье, но цвету пансэ».[ 10] Этот оттенок в колорите сделал мне истинную услугу. Раздосадованный советник бросил дело, — а будь у директорши в самом деле платье брусничного цвета да напиши советник, так в те прекрасные времена брусничный цвет наделал бы мне, наверное, больше вреда, чем брусничный сок Лариных мог повредить Онегину.[ 11]"},{"id":"id7234:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Успех «Малинова» заставил меня приняться за «Кто виноват?»."},{"id":"id7234:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Первую часть повести я привез из Новгорода в Москву. Она не понравилась московским друзьям, и я бросил ее. Несколько лет спустя мнение об ней изменилось, но я и не думал ни печатать, ни продолжать ее. Белинский взял у меня как-то потом рукопись, — и с своей способностью увлекаться он, совсем напротив, переценил повесть в сто раз больше ее достоинства и писал ко мне: «Если бы я не ценил в тебе человека, так же много или еще и больше, нежели писателя, я, как Потемкин Фон-Визину после представления «Бригадира», сказал бы тебе: «Умри, Герцен!» Но Потемкин ошибся, Фон-Визин не умер и потому написал «Недоросля». Я не хочу ошибаться и верю, что после «Кто виноват?» ты напишешь такую вещь, которая заставит всех скавать: «Он прав, давно бы ему приняться за повесть!» Вот тебе и комплимент, и посильный каламбур».[ 12]"},{"id":"id7234:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ценсура сделала разные урезывания и вырезывания; жаль, что у меня нет ее обрезков. Несколько выражений я вспомнил (они напечатаны курсивом) и даже целую страницу (и то, когда лист был отпечатан, и прибавил его к стр. 38).[ 13] Это место мне особенно памятно потому, что Белинский выходил из себя за то, что его не пропустили."},{"id":"id7234:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"8 июня 1859 г."},{"id":"id7234:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"Park-House, Fulham.[ 14]"}],"toc":[{"id":"id7236:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/094zGxtu#reader-content"},{"id":"id7235:0:1","label":"Александр Иванович Герцен КТО ВИНОВАТ? роман в двух частях","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/094zGxtu#reader-content"},{"id":"id7234:0:1","label":"От автора","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/094zGxtu#reader-content"},{"id":"id7233:0:2","label":"ЧАСТЬ ПЕРВАЯ","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/094zGxtu?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id7232:0:2","label":"I ОТСТАВНОЙ ГЕНЕРАЛ И УЧИТЕЛЬ, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИЙСЯ К МЕСТУ","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/094zGxtu?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id7231:0:3","label":"II БИОГРАФИЯ 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