When Columbus sailed on his fourth voyage, in which he hoped to pass through what we now know as the Isthmus of Panama, and sail northwestward, he wrote to his king and queen that thus he should come as near as men could come to "the Terrestrial Paradise."

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2

Norandel was the half-brother of Amadis, both of them being sons of Lisuarte, King of England.

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3

Maneli was son of Cildadan, King of Ireland.

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4

Quadragante was a distinguished giant, who had been conquered by Amadis, and was now his sure friend.

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5

The "Spectators" 414 and 477, which urge particularly a better taste in gardening, are dated 1712; and the first volume of the "Ichnographia" (under a different name, indeed) appeared in 1715.

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6

This is averred of the translation of the "Œconomics" of Xenophon, before cited in these papers, and published under Professor Bradley's name.

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7

Joseph Andrews, Bk. III. Ch. 4, where Fielding, thief that he was, appropriates the story that Xenophon tells of Cyrus.

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8

Works of Earl of Orford, Vol. III. p. 490.

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9

Chap. IX. p. 136, Cobbett's edition.

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10

It is to be remarked, however, that the Rev. Mr. Smith, (farmer of Lois-Weedon,) by the distribution of his crop, avails himself virtually of a clean fallow, every alternate year.

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11

Transactions, Vol. XXX p. 140.

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12

Detached Thoughts on Men and Manners: Wm. Shenstone.

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13

Completing the two volumes of collected poems.

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14

A taste for this had been early indicated, especially in the essays on Bunyan and Robert Dinsmore, in "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches," and in passages of "Literary Recreations." Whittier's prose, by the way, is all worth reading.

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15

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État des Convulsionnaires, p. 104.

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16

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 104.

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17

Vains Efforts des Discernans, p. 36.

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18

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 66.

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19

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 67. The latter part of the quotation alludes to crucifixion and other symbolical representations, to which the convulsionists were much given.

This state of ecstasy is one which has existed, probably, in occasional instances, through all past time, especially among religious enthusiasts. The writings of the ancient fathers contain constant allusions to it. St. Augustine, for example, speaks of it as a phenomenon which he has personally witnessed. Referring to persons thus impressed, he says,—"I have seen some who addressed their discourse sometimes to the persons around them, sometimes to other beings, as if they were actually present; and when they came to themselves, some could report what they had seen, others preserved no recollection of it whatever."—De Gen. ad Litter. Lib. XII. c. 13.

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20

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.

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21

Lettre de M. Colbert, du 8 Février, 1733, à Madame de Coetquen.

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22

Montgéron, Tom. II.

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23

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'Œuvre, etc., p. 123.

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24

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc. p. 82.

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25

Ibid. p. 17.

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26

Ibid. p. 19.

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27

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.

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28

In proof of this opinion, Montgéron gives numerous quotations from St. Augustine, St. Thomas, St. Gregory, and various theologians and ecclesiastics of high reputation, to the effect that "it often happens that errors and defects are mixed in with holy and divine revelations, (of saints and others, in ecstasy,) either by some vice of nature, or by the deception of the Devil, in the same way that our minds often draw false conclusions from true premises."—Ibid. pp. 88-96.

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29

Ibid. p. 94.

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30

Ibid. p. 95.

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31

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 102, 103.

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32

Ibid. p. 73.

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33

Vains Efforts des Discernans, pp. 39, 40.

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34

Lettres de M. Poncet, Let. VII. p. 129.

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35

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.

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36

Recherche de la Vérité, p. 25.

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37

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.

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38

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., p. 73.

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39

Philosophy of Mysterious Agents, Human and Mundane, by E. C. Rogers, Boston, 1853, p. 321, and elsewhere. He argues, "that, in as far as persons become 'mediums,' they are mere automatons," surrendering all mental control, and resigning their manhood.

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40

Montgéron, Tom. II. Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 34, 35.

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41

Hume's Essays, Vol. II. sect. 10.

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42

Diderot's Pensées Philosophiques. The original edition appeared in 1746, published in Paris.

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43

Dom La Taste's Lettres Théologiques, Tom. II. p. 878.

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44

Montgéron expressly tells us, that, in the case of Marguerite Catherine Turpin, her limbs were drawn, by means of strong bands, "with such, extreme violence that the bones of her knees and thighs cracked with a loud noise."—Tom. III. p. 553.

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