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В «Парижских письмах» П.В. Анненков продолжил традиции карамзинской зарубежной публицистики. Однако письма Анненкова – качественно новый этап в развитии карамзинского направления. И по своей идейной направленности, и по своим художественным особенностям они соответствовали запросам передового русского общества 1840-х годов. Даже теперь, спустя более столетия, «Парижские письма» Анненкова не выглядят архаическими. Они воскрешают перед нами во всех неповторимых особенностях Париж времен Дюма и Бальзака, Париж, когда Ламартин и Луи Блан были в зените своей славы, когда в Парижском Салоне выставлялись картины Делакруа и Коро, а Францию сотрясали голодные бунты.
Дата написания1847-12-31
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В «Парижских письмах» П.В. Анненков продолжил традиции карамзинской зарубежной публицистики. Однако письма Анненкова – качественно новый этап в развитии карамзинского направления. И по своей идейной направленности, и по своим художественным особенностям они соответствовали запросам передового русского общества 1840-х годов. Даже теперь, спустя более столетия, «Парижские письма» Анненкова не выглядят архаическими. Они воскрешают перед нами во всех неповторимых особенностях Париж времен Дюма и Бальзака, Париж, когда Ламартин и Луи Блан были в зените своей славы, когда в Парижском Салоне выставлялись картины Делакруа и Коро, а Францию сотрясали голодные бунты.
Павел Васильевич Анненков
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Павел Васильевич Анненков Парижские письма
I
8-го ноября 1846 года.
С чего начать о Париже? Разве с брошюрного мира, который к новому году заволновался непомерно, словно сумасшедший перед полнолунием. Брошюрная литература в последние три месяца имела, как вы знаете, несколько фазисов. Она шипела по-змеиному около выборов{1}, свистала потом на Ротшильда и компании железных дорог{2}, а теперь разразилась альманахами. Сколько их, сколько их! Социальные, популярные, и проч. и проч. Полфранковики так и скачут у меня за ними: это походит на травлю. Меня более всего тешат усилия каждой партии говорить с народом народно и перетащить его на свою сторону. Уж как они захваливают его и какие шелковые ковры расстилают под ногами его: только удостой немножко поваляться в теории нашей! Один из этих альманахов, «de la France démocratique»{3}, взыскан честью преследования. Его отобрали во всех книжных лавках, еще не известно за что. За литографию ли, изображающую медаль скульптора Давида в честь ларошельских сержантов{4}, за статью ли против палаты пэров, или за простонародные песенки на палату депутатов, которые не совсем глупы. Вот образчик:
Le chambr' c'est un coup d'oeil unique. Et c'théâtre est en vérité Bien plus gai qu' l'Ambigu-Comique Et plus comiqu' que la Gaité! (bis) Aux pièc's qu'on r'présent-les premièrs, L'jour est sombr'dans c'local fermé, Mais on y voit beaucoup d'lumières Sitoit qu' l'lustre est allumé.
[1]
Остальное все в романтическо-торжественном тоне Пьера Леру, который теперь в своем «Revue sociale»{5} изменил теорию распределения богатств в обществе, так что часть каждого работающего определяется уже не талантом его, а действительною нуждой (selon le besoin). Но где мерило? Эта крайняя степень, до какой может дойти сумасбродство сердца благородного и добродетельного! Остается только распределять общественные богатства по темпераментам, по расположению к брюнеткам и блондинкам (то-то бы хорошо!) и т. д. Странно, что о книге «Cosidérations économiques» до сих пор не говорит еще ни один из журналов{6}. Уж не хотят ли они похоронить ее, как это бывает здесь, молчанием за железную стойкость автора посреди партий и презрение к ним? Говорят, что Луи Блан{7}, доктрина которого разбита в прах автором, поседел от негодования. А что – если бросим в сторону религиозные колебания автора «Considérations économiques», читали ли вы когда-нибудь книгу, которая яснее и убедительнее доказала бы, что цивилизация не может отречься от самой себя, что все ее победы, как-то: машины, конкуренция, разделение работ и прочее, невозвратно принадлежит человечеству, и что единственная помощь для общества заключается не в благонамеренных способах исцеления, предлагаемых со стороны, а только в отыскании закона, по которому богатства развиваются правильно и сами собою?..
Толпы народа бегут в Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois смотреть вновь реставрированный портал его. Нынешним утром потянулся и я за ними и вынес оттуда весьма горестное впечатление, которое намерен разделить с вами. Внутренность портала и ажурные фронтоны дверей заняты фресками Виктора Мотте (Mottez){8}, изображающими историю Спасителя, с распятием над главным входом. Расчлененные столбы, образующие этот портал или галерею, покрыты во впадинах своих фигурами из Ветхого и Нового завета{9}: выдумка весьма неудачная, потому что каждая фигура чудовищно жмется в этом узком пространстве и перегнута на самое себя. Это, впрочем, еще не самое противное. Главные фрески выдержаны в тоне новой римской школы. Уж не говорю о бедном чахоточном колорите, о рисунке без твердости и силы, о разрывчатости всего создания, но замечаю только новый факт в истории мистической живописи: во Франции она стала замещать гримасой – выражение, вместо духовного упоения – является у нее ступидитет[2], с вашего позволения, и страшное, отчаянное отсутствие всякой мысли, делающее то, что произведения ее походят на кафтан, ловко набитый, но висящий на палочке. Так искусство, оскорбленное в существе своем, отмщает ложным пророкам своим!.. Я дожидаюсь выставки, чтобы поговорить с вами на просторе об этом предмете. Знаете ли, что мне кажется? Мне кажется, что живописцы XIV и XV столетия, тречентисты и кватрочентисты, напрасно считаются людьми, переводившими в искусство божество и откровение. Они занимались выражением собственных религиозных созерцаний, а не определением божества, как отдельного мира, как объекта. Это было дело одного византийского искусства, а потому оно одно и свято. Наше отечество частью до сих пор сохранило ее предания, в Европе же искусство это утерялось еще ранее Джиотто и Фан-Дейка{10}, то есть XIV столетия. Вспомните, например, падуанские фрески Джиотто{11}. Тут главная задача, положенная художником, состояла в том, чтобы отыскать красоту формы для религиозных сюжетов и уловить выражение страсти, которая со всем тем проявляется у него еще весьма общно и неиндивидуально. Божественность сюжета тут только данная для посторонней и ему чуждой цели. Указывают обыкновенно на школу Перужино{12}, на его задумчивые лица, спокойствие всех представлений и святую тишину, разлитую в них. Очень хорошо; но надо весьма небольшое внимание, чтоб увидеть, как все это принадлежит только личности художника. Как повторялся до Перужино, так и после него будет повторяться тот неизменный закон, по которому наш ум, силясь разрешить жизненные противоречия, создает грациозную мечту и за нею спасается от всех диссонансов, бурь и треволнений. Что тут есть общего с представлением божества, да и не профанация ли искать его в человеческой слабости, хотя и выраженной глубоко художнически? Перейдем к Фра-Фиезоле{13}, который особенно цитируется приверженцами мнения, оспариваемого мною. Здесь личность выступает еще сильнее. Где ярче выразилось католическое монашеское воззрение на жизнь, как не у этого монаха? Не есть ли каждая его картина призыв к католическому монастырю, к музыкальной обедне, к торжеству обряда, к детям красивым, как ангелы и возвышающим кадила, к толпе доминиканцев, благоговейно стоящих перед престолом? Все это, может быть, очень похвально (а художественно оно чрезвычайно), но общего определения божества искать тут не следует. Другое дело – византийское искусство! С самого зародыша своего имело оно целью чисто и просто напоминать Его. Зная, что лик человеческий не в состоянии дать никакого пояснения в этом случае, оно создало свои условные типы, имея в виду только разбудить частное сознание и поднять его к внутреннему созерцанию божества. Так точно некогда было и в Европе. Кто не видел знаменитой Pala d'ora в храме св. Марка{14} в Венеции? Это собрание мозаичных картин по золотому полю, изображающих события Нового Завета и черты из жизни святого Марка, деланные в самом Константинополе в X столетии. Искусство занято тут не тем, чтоб осмотреть каждое явление со всех сторон и выразить его в наибольшей полноте, а напротив, взять только сторону самую простую, намекнуть ею без всяких подробностей о происшествии и представить все остальное благочестивому воображению самого зрителя. Искусство, как бы пораженное ужасом, отказывается от всех своих притязаний, но это-то самое и упрочивает ему сильное влияние. И так всегда поступает искусство символическое. Все же, что было сделано после Византии, и все, что будет еще делаться, несмотря ни на какие порывы и стремления, всегда было и всегда будет результатом личности человека, принадлежать только человеку и объясняться его понятиями, наукой, историей и никогда не выходить из этого круга! Не так ли?..
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Анненков продолжил традиции карамзинской зарубежной публицистики. Однако письма Анненкова – качественно новый этап в развитии карамзинского направления. И по своей идейной направленности, и по своим художественным особенностям они соответствовали запросам передового русского общества 1840-х годов. Даже теперь, спустя более столетия, «Парижские письма» Анненкова не выглядят архаическими. 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Васильевич Анненков Парижские письма"},{"id":"id2433:0","kind":"heading","text":"I"},{"id":"id2433:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"8-го ноября 1846 года."},{"id":"id2433:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"С чего начать о Париже? Разве с брошюрного мира, который к новому году заволновался непомерно, словно сумасшедший перед полнолунием. Брошюрная литература в последние три месяца имела, как вы знаете, несколько фазисов. Она шипела по-змеиному около выборов{1}, свистала потом на Ротшильда и компании железных дорог{2}, а теперь разразилась альманахами. Сколько их, сколько их! Социальные, популярные, и проч. и проч. Полфранковики так и скачут у меня за ними: это походит на травлю. Меня более всего тешат усилия каждой партии говорить с народом народно и перетащить его на свою сторону. Уж как они захваливают его и какие шелковые ковры расстилают под ногами его: только удостой немножко поваляться в теории нашей! Один из этих альманахов, «de la France démocratique»{3}, взыскан честью преследования. Его отобрали во всех книжных лавках, еще не известно за что. За литографию ли, изображающую медаль скульптора Давида в честь ларошельских сержантов{4}, за статью ли против палаты пэров, или за простонародные песенки на палату депутатов, которые не совсем глупы. Вот образчик:"},{"id":"id2433:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Le chambr' c'est un coup d'oeil unique. Et c'théâtre est en vérité Bien plus gai qu' l'Ambigu-Comique Et plus comiqu' que la Gaité! (bis) Aux pièc's qu'on r'présent-les premièrs, L'jour est sombr'dans c'local fermé, Mais on y voit beaucoup d'lumières Sitoit qu' l'lustre est allumé."},{"id":"id2433:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"[1]"},{"id":"id2433:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Остальное все в романтическо-торжественном тоне Пьера Леру, который теперь в своем «Revue sociale»{5} изменил теорию распределения богатств в обществе, так что часть каждого работающего определяется уже не талантом его, а действительною нуждой (selon le besoin). Но где мерило? Эта крайняя степень, до какой может дойти сумасбродство сердца благородного и добродетельного! Остается только распределять общественные богатства по темпераментам, по расположению к брюнеткам и блондинкам (то-то бы хорошо!) и т. д. Странно, что о книге «Cosidérations économiques» до сих пор не говорит еще ни один из журналов{6}. Уж не хотят ли они похоронить ее, как это бывает здесь, молчанием за железную стойкость автора посреди партий и презрение к ним? Говорят, что Луи Блан{7}, доктрина которого разбита в прах автором, поседел от негодования. А что – если бросим в сторону религиозные колебания автора «Considérations économiques», читали ли вы когда-нибудь книгу, которая яснее и убедительнее доказала бы, что цивилизация не может отречься от самой себя, что все ее победы, как-то: машины, конкуренция, разделение работ и прочее, невозвратно принадлежит человечеству, и что единственная помощь для общества заключается не в благонамеренных способах исцеления, предлагаемых со стороны, а только в отыскании закона, по которому богатства развиваются правильно и сами собою?.."},{"id":"id2433:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Толпы народа бегут в Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois смотреть вновь реставрированный портал его. Нынешним утром потянулся и я за ними и вынес оттуда весьма горестное впечатление, которое намерен разделить с вами. Внутренность портала и ажурные фронтоны дверей заняты фресками Виктора Мотте (Mottez){8}, изображающими историю Спасителя, с распятием над главным входом. Расчлененные столбы, образующие этот портал или галерею, покрыты во впадинах своих фигурами из Ветхого и Нового завета{9}: выдумка весьма неудачная, потому что каждая фигура чудовищно жмется в этом узком пространстве и перегнута на самое себя. Это, впрочем, еще не самое противное. Главные фрески выдержаны в тоне новой римской школы. Уж не говорю о бедном чахоточном колорите, о рисунке без твердости и силы, о разрывчатости всего создания, но замечаю только новый факт в истории мистической живописи: во Франции она стала замещать гримасой – выражение, вместо духовного упоения – является у нее ступидитет[2], с вашего позволения, и страшное, отчаянное отсутствие всякой мысли, делающее то, что произведения ее походят на кафтан, ловко набитый, но висящий на палочке. Так искусство, оскорбленное в существе своем, отмщает ложным пророкам своим!.. Я дожидаюсь выставки, чтобы поговорить с вами на просторе об этом предмете. Знаете ли, что мне кажется? Мне кажется, что живописцы XIV и XV столетия, тречентисты и кватрочентисты, напрасно считаются людьми, переводившими в искусство божество и откровение. Они занимались выражением собственных религиозных созерцаний, а не определением божества, как отдельного мира, как объекта. Это было дело одного византийского искусства, а потому оно одно и свято. Наше отечество частью до сих пор сохранило ее предания, в Европе же искусство это утерялось еще ранее Джиотто и Фан-Дейка{10}, то есть XIV столетия. Вспомните, например, падуанские фрески Джиотто{11}. Тут главная задача, положенная художником, состояла в том, чтобы отыскать красоту формы для религиозных сюжетов и уловить выражение страсти, которая со всем тем проявляется у него еще весьма общно и неиндивидуально. Божественность сюжета тут только данная для посторонней и ему чуждой цели. Указывают обыкновенно на школу Перужино{12}, на его задумчивые лица, спокойствие всех представлений и святую тишину, разлитую в них. Очень хорошо; но надо весьма небольшое внимание, чтоб увидеть, как все это принадлежит только личности художника. Как повторялся до Перужино, так и после него будет повторяться тот неизменный закон, по которому наш ум, силясь разрешить жизненные противоречия, создает грациозную мечту и за нею спасается от всех диссонансов, бурь и треволнений. Что тут есть общего с представлением божества, да и не профанация ли искать его в человеческой слабости, хотя и выраженной глубоко художнически? Перейдем к Фра-Фиезоле{13}, который особенно цитируется приверженцами мнения, оспариваемого мною. Здесь личность выступает еще сильнее. Где ярче выразилось католическое монашеское воззрение на жизнь, как не у этого монаха? Не есть ли каждая его картина призыв к католическому монастырю, к музыкальной обедне, к торжеству обряда, к детям красивым, как ангелы и возвышающим кадила, к толпе доминиканцев, благоговейно стоящих перед престолом? Все это, может быть, очень похвально (а художественно оно чрезвычайно), но общего определения божества искать тут не следует. Другое дело – византийское искусство! С самого зародыша своего имело оно целью чисто и просто напоминать Его. Зная, что лик человеческий не в состоянии дать никакого пояснения в этом случае, оно создало свои условные типы, имея в виду только разбудить частное сознание и поднять его к внутреннему созерцанию божества. Так точно некогда было и в Европе. Кто не видел знаменитой Pala d'ora в храме св. Марка{14} в Венеции? Это собрание мозаичных картин по золотому полю, изображающих события Нового Завета и черты из жизни святого Марка, деланные в самом Константинополе в X столетии. Искусство занято тут не тем, чтоб осмотреть каждое явление со всех сторон и выразить его в наибольшей полноте, а напротив, взять только сторону самую простую, намекнуть ею без всяких подробностей о происшествии и представить все остальное благочестивому воображению самого зрителя. Искусство, как бы пораженное ужасом, отказывается от всех своих притязаний, но это-то самое и упрочивает ему сильное влияние. И так всегда поступает искусство символическое. Все же, что было сделано после Византии, и все, что будет еще делаться, несмотря ни на какие порывы и стремления, всегда было и всегда будет результатом личности человека, принадлежать только человеку и объясняться его понятиями, наукой, историей и никогда не выходить из этого круга! Не так ли?.."}],"toc":[{"id":"id2435:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW#reader-content"},{"id":"id2434:0:1","label":"Павел Васильевич Анненков Парижские письма","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW#reader-content"},{"id":"id2433:0:1","label":"I","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW#reader-content"},{"id":"id2432:0:3","label":"II(а)","page":3,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=3#reader-content"},{"id":"id2431:0:4","label":"II(б)","page":4,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=4#reader-content"},{"id":"id2430:0:6","label":"III","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id2429:0:9","label":"IV","page":9,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=9#reader-content"},{"id":"id2428:0:11","label":"V","page":11,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=11#reader-content"},{"id":"id2427:0:14","label":"VI (а)","page":14,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=14#reader-content"},{"id":"id2426:0:17","label":"VI(б)","page":17,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=17#reader-content"},{"id":"id2425:0:20","label":"VII","page":20,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=20#reader-content"},{"id":"id2424:0:22","label":"VIII","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2423:0:26","label":"IX","page":26,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=26#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:0:31","label":"Примечания","page":31,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=31#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:23:32","label":"Письмо I","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:26:32","label":"Письмо II (а)","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:29:32","label":"Письмо II (б)","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:34:32","label":"Письмо III","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:40:32","label":"Письмо IV","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:42:32","label":"Письмо V","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:45:32","label":"Письмо VI (а)","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:47:32","label":"Письмо VI (б)","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:49:32","label":"Письмо VII","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:51:33","label":"Письмо VIII","page":33,"pageUrl":"/books/2uLlgDgW?page=33#reader-content"},{"id":"id2422:53:33","label":"Письмо 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