Китай. Его жители, нравы, обычаи, просвещение

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Когда случаются какія-нибудь физическія бѣдствія, какъ то: засухи, наводненія, саранча, землетрясенія и проч, то народъ полагаетъ, что богдаханъ допустилъ погрѣшности въ управленіи, и Небо чрезъ Физическія бѣдствія вразумляетъ его къ исправленію тѣхъ погрѣшностей. Вотъ почему причину физическихъ бѣдствій изключительно приписываютъ правителю государства."},{"id":"id1354:0","kind":"heading","text":"85"},{"id":"id1354:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Планка дѣлается изъ бамбука, и раздѣляется на малую и большую. Малая планка имѣетъ тяжелый конецъ шириною въ 1 1/2 дюйма, а легкій въ одинъ дюймъ; вѣсомъ 1 1/2 гина. Большая планка имѣетъ тяжелый конецъ шириною въ два, а легкій въ 1 1/2 дюйма; вѣситъ не болѣе двухъ гиновъ. Въ длину обѣ имѣютъ 5 1/2 футовъ. Колѣнцовыя на нихъ возвышенія и отростки сглажены. При наказаніи держатъ за легкій конецъ, а тяжелымъ бьютъ по обнаженной задницѣ."},{"id":"id1353:0","kind":"heading","text":"86"},{"id":"id1353:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"За нѣкоторыя преступленія смертная казнь совершается немедленно по окончаніи суда; а за другія откладывается, до общей казни, совершаемой по всему государству наканунѣ зимняго поворота. Въ эту отсрочку преступники содержатся въ тюрьмѣ, и совершеніе казни надъ послѣдними называется казнить по заточеніи."},{"id":"id1352:0","kind":"heading","text":"87"},{"id":"id1352:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Нынѣшнія мѣста ссылки суть: Гиринъ Амуръ, Или и Урумци."},{"id":"id1351:0","kind":"heading","text":"88"},{"id":"id1351:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Отрубленная голова выставляется въ деревянной клѣткѣ, притомъ въ предмѣстіи города."},{"id":"id1350:0","kind":"heading","text":"89"},{"id":"id1350:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Восточные путешественники увѣряли Европу, будто въ Китаѣ дѣтоубійство позволено законами, а одному изъ путешественниковъ въ Кантонѣ сказали, что Кит. Правительство даже содержитъ людей, которые обучены ремеслу убивать младенцевъ. И просвѣщенная Европа до сего времени безусловно вѣрила этимъ нелѣпостямъ."},{"id":"id1349:0","kind":"heading","text":"90"},{"id":"id1349:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"У насъ и до сего дня ученые для пышности въ слогѣ возглашаютъ, что въ Китаѣ и Министра и крестьянина однимъ и тѣмъ же бамбукомъ чествуютъ. Г. Добель, прожившій десять лѣтъ въ Кантонѣ, торжественно увѣрялъ въ этомъ Европу и Европа, при своемъ просвѣщеніи, расхвалила его."},{"id":"id1348:0","kind":"heading","text":"91"},{"id":"id1348:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Законы въ отношеніи къ чиновникамъ и опредѣлительны и снисходительны."},{"id":"id1347:0","kind":"heading","text":"92"},{"id":"id1347:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Въ 1835 году 1-е число 4-го мѣсяца было 17-е Апрѣля, а послѣдній день 7-го мѣсяца случился 9-го Сентября."},{"id":"id1346:0","kind":"heading","text":"93"},{"id":"id1346:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Маньчжуры, кромѣ шаманской религіи, слѣдуютъ обрядамъ всѣхъ другихъ религій, терпимыхь Китайскими законами. У нихъ въ похоронной процессіи не рѣдко бываютъ монахи трехъ религій, идущіе въ нѣкоторомъ отдаленіи одни отъ другихъ. Каждое отдѣленіе облачено въ свой служебный костюмъ и поетъ свои молитвы. Въ торжественные дни въ самомъ дворцѣ тибетскіе и монгольскіе ламы отправляютъ молебствія сряду по нѣскольку дней. Исламизмъ изключенъ по причинѣ собственнаго его фанатизма."},{"id":"id1345:0","kind":"heading","text":"94"},{"id":"id1345:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Послѣдніе десять онготовэь суть Тунгусы, что видно изъ ихъ именъ, чисто – тунгузскихъ. Что касается до первыхъ трехъ, Шагямони и Бодясатва суть Индійцы, жившіе за десять вѣковъ до Р. X. – Они основали буддайскую религію, Гуань-ди родомъ былъ Китаецъ, жившій въ III столѣтіи по Р. X. – Онъ обоготворенъ за вѣрность къ законному государю. По всей вѣроятности, сіи три лица внесены въ число тунгузскихъ онготовъ уже по завоеваніи Китая Маньчжурами – по видамъ чисто – политическимъ."},{"id":"id1344:0","kind":"heading","text":"95"},{"id":"id1344:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Чиновники изъ Китайцевъ, по кончинѣ отца или матери, совершенно отрѣшаются отъ должности на 27 мѣсяцевъ для совершенія траура; а чиновники изъ Маньчжуровъ и Монголовъ, служащіе въ губерніяхъ, по сему случаю возвращаются въ Пекинъ, гдѣ по окончаніи 3-хъ мѣсячнаго траура, опредѣляются на остальное время траура къ должностямъ въ Канцеляріяхъ тѣхъ дивизій, въ которыхъ они родились."},{"id":"id1343:0","kind":"heading","text":"96"},{"id":"id1343:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Съ сего мѣста до конца статьи, мѣста въ отвѣтахъ напечатаныя курзивомъ, относятся къ ложнымъ понятіямъ."},{"id":"id1342:0","kind":"heading","text":"97"},{"id":"id1342:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Емой есть Ся-мынь, Чузамъ есть островъ Чжеу-шань."},{"id":"id1341:0","kind":"heading","text":"98"},{"id":"id1341:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Въ Китайскомъ языкѣ нѣтъ такихъ звуковъ."},{"id":"id1340:0","kind":"heading","text":"99"},{"id":"id1340:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Нѣтъ провинціи сего имени."},{"id":"id1339:0","kind":"heading","text":"100"},{"id":"id1339:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"При игрѣ въ банкъ употребляется длинный покрытый столъ и деревянный четвероугольникъ съ черной и красной стороною. Стоящій вверху стола банкеръ скрытно кладетъ брусокъ подъ покрывало на столѣ: Игроки держатъ противъ Банкера и между собою споръ на черную и красную сторону бруска. Зернъ состоитъ изъ шести шестистороннихъ косточекъ съ точками отъ одной до шести."}],"toc":[{"id":"id13211:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U#reader-content"},{"id":"id13210:0:1","label":"Никита Яковлевич Бичурин Китай. Его жители, нравы, обычаи, просвѣщеніе","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U#reader-content"},{"id":"id13209:0:1","label":"Предисловіе","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U#reader-content"},{"id":"id13208:0:2","label":"I. О китайскомъ языкѣ и письмѣ","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id13207:0:3","label":"II. Краткія статистическія свѣдѣнія о Китаѣ","page":3,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=3#reader-content"},{"id":"id13206:0:6","label":"III. Взглядъ на просвѣщеніе Китая","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id13205:0:7","label":"Училища","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id13204:0:15","label":"Педагогическій институтъ","page":15,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=15#reader-content"},{"id":"id13203:0:18","label":"Астрономическій институтъ","page":18,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=18#reader-content"},{"id":"id13202:0:19","label":"Приказъ ученыхъ","page":19,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=19#reader-content"},{"id":"id13201:0:21","label":"IV. Общественная и частная жизнь китайцевъ","page":21,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=21#reader-content"},{"id":"id13200:0:22","label":"I. Дворецъ и другія общественныя зданія въ Пекинѣ","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id13199:0:23","label":"II. Строеніе и расположеніе зданій","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id13198:0:24","label":"III. Лѣтосчисленіе","page":24,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=24#reader-content"},{"id":"id13197:0:26","label":"V. Времесчисленіе","page":26,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=26#reader-content"},{"id":"id13196:0:27","label":"VI. Дань и поздравительный адресъ","page":27,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=27#reader-content"},{"id":"id13195:0:28","label":"VII. Родовыя прозванія и имена","page":28,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=28#reader-content"},{"id":"id13194:0:29","label":"VIII. Церемоніалъ большаго и малаго выхода при дворѣ","page":29,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=29#reader-content"},{"id":"id13193:0:30","label":"IX. Церемоніалъ семейственныхъ при дворъ поздравленій въ новый годъ","page":30,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=30#reader-content"},{"id":"id13192:0:30","label":"X. Церемоніалъ вступленія на престолъ","page":30,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=30#reader-content"},{"id":"id13191:0:31","label":"XI. 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