Китай. Его жители, нравы, обычаи, просвещение

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Эйріе въ Живописномъ путешествіи по Азіи, при описаніи сего Приказа, напалъ на дурные источники, и потому у него, кромѣ сбивчивости, допущены разныя ложныя понятія. См. Томъ III стран. 139 и слѣд."},{"id":"id1335:0","kind":"heading","text":"104"},{"id":"id1335:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Три названія одинъ смыслъ имѣющія. Первое есть разборъ столичныхъ, второе разборъ губернскихъ, третіе разборъ военныхъ чиновниковъ. По сему разбору они повышаются или остаются при прежнихъ мѣстахъ, иногда понижаются и даже лишаются мѣстъ."},{"id":"id1334:0","kind":"heading","text":"105"},{"id":"id1334:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Подъ Девятью государственными чинами Цзю-цинъ разумѣются члены Шести Палатъ, Прокурорскаго Приказа, Докладной Конторы и Юстиціоннаго суда. Министры суть Члены Государевой Канцеляріи; и потому въ совѣтѣ девяти судебныхъ мѣстъ не могутъ присутствовать."},{"id":"id1333:0","kind":"heading","text":"106"},{"id":"id1333:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Китайцы подъ природою разумѣютъ свойства вещей и въ физическомъ и въ нравственномъ отношеніи."},{"id":"id1332:0","kind":"heading","text":"107"},{"id":"id1332:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Священная книга на Кит. языкѣ называется Цзинь, или гкинъ. Священными считаются только книги написанныя Святыми Мужами. О значеніи слова Святый будетъ сказано ниже."},{"id":"id1331:0","kind":"heading","text":"108"},{"id":"id1331:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Теплородъ по Кит. называется янъ, водородъ – инь; это суть двѣ силы дѣйствующія въ нашемъ мірѣ. Чертежъ перваго начала приложенъ въ началѣ книги."},{"id":"id1330:0","kind":"heading","text":"109"},{"id":"id1330:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Движеніе есть продолжающееся дѣйствіе, – бытія тварей; покой есть бездѣйствіе смерть, разрушеніе тварей. Въ нравств. смыслѣ движеніе есть время дѣятельности, покой есть отсутствіе оной."},{"id":"id1329:0","kind":"heading","text":"110"},{"id":"id1329:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Подъ превращеніемъ Китайцы разумѣютъ процессъ перехода изъ небытія въ бытіе, т. е. рожденіе тварей."},{"id":"id1328:0","kind":"heading","text":"111"},{"id":"id1328:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"На Кит. языкѣ: не имѣютъ ни гласа, ни запаха."},{"id":"id1327:0","kind":"heading","text":"112"},{"id":"id1327:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Небо – цянь; Земля – кхунь разумѣются духовныя, имѣющія творящую силу."},{"id":"id1326:0","kind":"heading","text":"113"},{"id":"id1326:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Свойства, составляющія природу человѣка, суть: человѣколюбіе, справедливость, благоприличіе, иначе обрядъ, знаніе и вѣрность; подъ вѣрностію разумѣется неизмѣнное постоянство въ словахъ, предпріятіяхъ и дѣлахъ. Сіи свойства или добродѣтели составляютъ нравственный его законъ."},{"id":"id1325:0","kind":"heading","text":"114"},{"id":"id1325:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Святымъ или Премудрымъ Китайцы называютъ такого человѣка, который, по счастливому совокупленію всѣхъ свойствъ въ высшемъ совершенствѣ, отъ рожденія не можетъ погрѣшать ни въ сужденіяхъ ни въ дѣлахъ: но допускаютъ достиженіе такого совершенства чрезъ образованіе въ наукахъ и постоянное улучшеніе нравственности."},{"id":"id1324:0","kind":"heading","text":"115"},{"id":"id1324:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Въ семъ выраженіи подъ существомъ – тьхи разумѣется практическое знаніе нравственныхъ правилъ. Приложеніе сихъ правилъ къ поведенію въ разныхъ обстоятельствахъ жизни называется употребленіемъ – юня. Въ отношеніи къ Первому началу подъ существомъ разумѣются свойства его, подъ употребленіемъ – дѣйствіе."},{"id":"id1323:0","kind":"heading","text":"116"},{"id":"id1323:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Духи въ веществѣ Шень и духи освободившіеся отъ вещества Гуй въ существѣ своемъ суть одинъ и тотъ же первобытный воздухъ, получившій два названія отъ его дѣйствій въ двухъ видахъ."},{"id":"id1322:0","kind":"heading","text":"117"},{"id":"id1322:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Китайцы всѣ и нравственныя и физическія несчастія приписываютъ дѣйствію нравственныхъ законовъ на міръ физическій."},{"id":"id1321:0","kind":"heading","text":"118"},{"id":"id1321:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Твердость Ганъ въ теплородѣ есть неизмѣняемость его въ своемъ существѣ отъ вліянія посторонней силы. Повиновеніе Шунь есть воспріемлемость видоизмѣненія отъ вліянія посторонней силы."},{"id":"id1320:0","kind":"heading","text":"119"},{"id":"id1320:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Онъ же Чжу-си, Чжу-цзы-янъ, необыкновенный изъ писателей XIII вѣка."},{"id":"id1319:0","kind":"heading","text":"120"},{"id":"id1319:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Въ Китаѣ искони до нынѣ Святыми признаны Фу-си Яо, Шунь, Юй – древніе Государи; Ченъ-тханъ, основатель династіи Шанъ; Вынъ-ванъ и сынъ его Ву-ванъ, основатели древней династіи Чжеу; Чжеу-гунъ, братъ послѣдняго, Кхунъ-фу-цзы, Цзэнъ-цзы, Цзы-сы и Мынъ-цзы. – Здѣсь подъ Святымъ разумѣется Фу-си, изобрѣтатель Гуа составляющихъ основаніе Книги перемѣнъ. Прочіе изъ обоготворяемыхъ ученыхъ носятъ названіе Мудрыхъ."},{"id":"id1318:0","kind":"heading","text":"121"},{"id":"id1318:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Чжеу-цзы онъ же Чжеу-дунь-и, Чжеу-лянь-ци, сочинитель сей системы міробытія."},{"id":"id1317:0","kind":"heading","text":"122"},{"id":"id1317:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Подъ повелѣніемъ Неба разумѣютъ физическіе и нравственные законы міра, заключающіеся въ свойствахъ Перваго начала."},{"id":"id1316:0","kind":"heading","text":"123"},{"id":"id1316:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Истина, чемъ, въ понятіи Китайцевъ, есть дѣйствительность вещи или предмета. Симъ опредѣленіемъ истины они доказываютъ бытіе Бога со всѣми свойствами ему приписываемыми."},{"id":"id1315:0","kind":"heading","text":"124"},{"id":"id1315:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Порядокъ есть образъ дѣйствій, произходящихъ въ вещахъ соотвѣтственно природѣ каждой."},{"id":"id1314:0","kind":"heading","text":"125"},{"id":"id1314:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Подъ воздухомъ Ци разумѣется душа міра, неподлежащая чувствамъ, хотя и матеріальная. Души живущихъ существъ суть изліяніе или частицы сей души міра. Изъ сгущенія сего же воздуха и вещество образовалось."},{"id":"id1313:0","kind":"heading","text":"126"},{"id":"id1313:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Разумѣется зачатіе тварей."},{"id":"id1312:0","kind":"heading","text":"127"},{"id":"id1312:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Это значитъ, что сила, управляющая всѣми движеніями въ мірѣ, необходимо дѣйствуетъ по вѣчнымъ законамъ міра. Вѣрность, т. е. постоянство въ предпріятіяхъ, служитъ къ утвержденію въ подвигахъ при усовершеніи добродѣтелей, или вообще доброй нравственности пріобрѣтаемой навыками."},{"id":"id1311:0","kind":"heading","text":"128"},{"id":"id1311:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Взаимопритяженіе на Кит. сянь-цзяо, взаимо-оттолкновеніе Сянъ-бо."}],"toc":[{"id":"id13211:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U#reader-content"},{"id":"id13210:0:1","label":"Никита Яковлевич Бичурин Китай. Его жители, нравы, обычаи, просвѣщеніе","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U#reader-content"},{"id":"id13209:0:1","label":"Предисловіе","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U#reader-content"},{"id":"id13208:0:2","label":"I. О китайскомъ языкѣ и письмѣ","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id13207:0:3","label":"II. Краткія статистическія свѣдѣнія о Китаѣ","page":3,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=3#reader-content"},{"id":"id13206:0:6","label":"III. Взглядъ на просвѣщеніе Китая","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id13205:0:7","label":"Училища","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id13204:0:15","label":"Педагогическій институтъ","page":15,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=15#reader-content"},{"id":"id13203:0:18","label":"Астрономическій институтъ","page":18,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=18#reader-content"},{"id":"id13202:0:19","label":"Приказъ ученыхъ","page":19,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=19#reader-content"},{"id":"id13201:0:21","label":"IV. Общественная и частная жизнь китайцевъ","page":21,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=21#reader-content"},{"id":"id13200:0:22","label":"I. Дворецъ и другія общественныя зданія въ Пекинѣ","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id13199:0:23","label":"II. Строеніе и расположеніе зданій","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id13198:0:24","label":"III. Лѣтосчисленіе","page":24,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=24#reader-content"},{"id":"id13197:0:26","label":"V. Времесчисленіе","page":26,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=26#reader-content"},{"id":"id13196:0:27","label":"VI. Дань и поздравительный адресъ","page":27,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=27#reader-content"},{"id":"id13195:0:28","label":"VII. Родовыя прозванія и имена","page":28,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=28#reader-content"},{"id":"id13194:0:29","label":"VIII. Церемоніалъ большаго и малаго выхода при дворѣ","page":29,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=29#reader-content"},{"id":"id13193:0:30","label":"IX. Церемоніалъ семейственныхъ при дворъ поздравленій въ новый годъ","page":30,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=30#reader-content"},{"id":"id13192:0:30","label":"X. Церемоніалъ вступленія на престолъ","page":30,"pageUrl":"/books/3XA7x12U?page=30#reader-content"},{"id":"id13191:0:31","label":"XI. 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