К вечному миру

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натуралистического подхода к истории","Идея всемирной федерации государств как пути к вечному миру","Просвещение – выход из состояния несовершеннолетия, требующий мужества и свободы публичного разума.","Опекуны (государство, религия, общество) удерживают людей в несовершеннолетии, создавая иллюзию опасности.","Различие между публичным и частным применением разума: ученый свободен, служитель подчинён.","Государство, предоставляющее свободу в религиозных делах, способствует просвещению.","Критика Гердера: недостаточная методология, чрезмерная схоластичность, отсутствие эмпирической базы.","Разум позволяет человеку преодолевать инстинкты и выбирать свободу.","Четыре этапа развития разума: питание, пол, будущее и цель.","Человек как цель природы, а не средство, приводит к идее равенства.","Переход от охоты к земледелию и пастушеской жизни создаёт конфликт и общество."]},{"key":"conclusion","title":"Вывод","body":"Кант приходит к выводу, что только постепенное развитие свободы, закона и разума, реализованное в гражданском и международном федеративном устройстве, может привести к устойчивому вечному миру."},{"key":"audience","title":"Кому полезна","body":["Студенты и преподаватели философии и политических наук","Исследователи в области международных отношений","Профессионалы, работающие в сфере прав человека и конституционного права","Образовательные учреждения, интересующиеся историей политической мысли"]},{"key":"topics","title":"Главные темы","body":["Свобода как фундаментальная ценность","Политический договор и гражданское общество","Международное право и федерализм","Просвещение и критика натуралистических подходов","Теодицея и моральное зло","Роль философии как критического инструмента","Моральный прогресс и свобода воли","Конституционное государство и первоначальный договор"]},{"key":"characters","title":"Персонажи","body":["Иммануил Кант — Развивает идею свободы как основы политической философии, критикует натуралистический подход к истории, разрабатывает теорию гражданского устройства и выступает за постепенную реформу, стремясь к вечному миру.","Гердер — Критик натуралистического подхода, рассматривает человека как часть природной системы, акцентирует роль климата и культуры.","Гоббс — Представляет позицию, что глава государства не связана договором с народом, критикуется Кантом за игнорирование права граждан на свободу выражения мнений.","Иов — Демонстрирует, что вера может существовать без полного понимания причин страдания, подчёркивает важность внутренней совести.","Господь — Раскрывает высшую мудрость и призывает к признанию человеческих ограничений.","Фридрих II — Пример правителя, которому Кант проявляет лояльность.","Политики — Утверждают, что люди такие, какие они есть, но сами их делают, играя ключевую роль в реализации идей свободы.","Священнослужители — Предсказывают упадок религии и приход антихриста, но сами способствуют его приходу.","Рецензент — Писатель, который анализирует и критикует подход Гердера к истории и антропологии.","Аббат Куайе — Подчеркивает непостоянство человеческой природы.","Антон Фридрих Бюшинг — Автор рецензии на работы Канта, упоминается в контексте критики и подтверждения аргументов.","Моисей Мендельсон — Автор работ, обсуждаемых в главе, связанных с религиозной властью и еврейством."]},{"key":"quotes","title":"Цитаты","body":["Свобода, по Канту, означает отнюдь не произвол частной воли, а способность человека подчинять свои поступки требованиям разума","Война – это попытка создать новые отношения между государствами","Sapere aude! – имей мужество пользоваться собственным умом!","Публичное пользование собственным разумом всегда должно быть свободным и только оно может дать просвещение людям.","«Разум позволяет человеку преодолевать инстинкты и выбирать свободу.»","«Человек как цель природы, а не средство, приводит к идее равенства.»","Он тверд, – говорит Иов. – Он делает, чего хочет душа его.","Иов, который, напротив, с негодованием уверяет, что совесть его перед лицом всей его жизни не делает ему ни единого упрека.","Свобода [члена общества] как человека, принцип которой в отношении устройства общества я выражаю в следующей формуле: ни один не может принудить меня быть счастливым так, как он хочет.","Первоначальный договор, как объединение всех отдельных и частных воль в народе в одну общую и публичную волю, не имеет нужды предположить как факт."]}],"authorSummary":{"key":"authorSummary","title":"Сводка по автору из Wikidata","body":"1724–1804. Immanuel Kant. родоначальник немецкой классической философии (1724—1804)"},"hasArtifacts":true,"canReadInApp":true,"readUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_803447","artifactsUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_803447","readCtaLabel":"Читать бесплатно","artifactsCtaLabel":"AI-разбор","appReadLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=r_803447","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=r_803447","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=r_803447","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_803447"},"appAnalysisLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=b_803447","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=b_803447","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=b_803447","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_803447"},"guestReaderUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT#reader-content","authorCtaLabel":"Все книги автора","authorProtectedUrl":"/author/473b81e0-02c9-5717-b1de-38c71b79e027","readersCount":0,"adultLabel":"16+","yearLabel":"2019","datePublished":null,"publisherLabel":null,"isbn":null,"oclc":null,"lccn":null,"partnerUrl":null,"accessNote":"Полный текст книги и AI-разбор откроются на защищенных страницах BookRa после входа."},"reader":{"page":1,"totalPages":107,"hasPrev":false,"hasNext":true,"prevPageUrl":null,"nextPageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=2#reader-content","progressLabel":"Страница 1 из 107","sections":[{"id":"id4265:0","kind":"heading","text":"Annotation"},{"id":"id4265:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Иммануил Кант – ум, честь и совесть эпохи Просвещения, один из величайших философов всех времен. Мысль Канта необратимо изменила весь интеллектуальный ландшафт Европы. Ни разу за свою жизнь не переступивший предела своего родного Кенигсберга (ныне Калининград), Иммануил Кант объял мыслью все основные сферы человеческого существования. Не обошел вниманием он и темы политики, власти и истории."},{"id":"id4265:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"В настоящем сборнике представлены тексты, которые можно обозначить как «философско-исторические и политические сочинения Канта». В них мыслитель рассматривает политику как через призму права, так и через призму истории. Именно в этих работах им формулируется всемирно-исторический идеал Вечного мира, или Мировой Республики."},{"id":"id4265:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Иммануил Кант"},{"id":"id4265:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Метафизика свободы в политической философии И. Канта"},{"id":"id4265:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Идея всеобщей истории во всемирно-гражданском плане[10]. 1784"},{"id":"id4265:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение первое"},{"id":"id4265:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение второе"},{"id":"id4265:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение третье"},{"id":"id4265:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение четвертое"},{"id":"id4265:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение пятое"},{"id":"id4265:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение шестое"},{"id":"id4265:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение седьмое"},{"id":"id4265:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение восьмое"},{"id":"id4265:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"Положение девятое"},{"id":"id4265:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ответ на вопрос: что такое просвещение? 1784"},{"id":"id4265:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"Рецензия на книгу И. Г. Гердера «идеи к философии истории человечества» (части 1, 2). 1785"},{"id":"id4265:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"I [Рецензия первой части]"},{"id":"id4265:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"II. Напоминания рецензента книги И. Г. Гердера «Идеи к философии истории человечества»"},{"id":"id4265:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"III. [Рецензия второй части]"},{"id":"id4265:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"Предполагаемое начало человеческой истории. 1786"},{"id":"id4265:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"Замечание"},{"id":"id4265:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"Заключение истории"},{"id":"id4265:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"Заключительное замечание"},{"id":"id4265:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"О применении телеологических принципов в философии. 1788"},{"id":"id4265:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"О неудачах всех философских попыток теодицеи. 1791"},{"id":"id4265:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"Заключительное замечание"},{"id":"id4265:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"О поговорке «Может быть, это и верно в теории, но не годится для практики». 1798"},{"id":"id4265:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"I. Об отношении теории к практике в морали вообще (ответ на некоторые возражения господина проф. Гарве[89])"},{"id":"id4265:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"II. Об отношении теории к практике в государственном праве (против Гоббса)"},{"id":"id4265:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"III. Об отношении теории к практике в международном праве с точки зрения общего человеколюбия, т. е. космополитической[113]. (Против Моисея Мендельсона)"},{"id":"id4265:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"Конец всего сущего. 1794"},{"id":"id4265:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"К вечному миру. Философский проект. 1795"},{"id":"id4265:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"Раздел первый, который содержит прелиминарные статьи договора о вечном мире между государствами"},{"id":"id4265:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"Раздел второй, содержащий окончательные статьи договора о вечном мире между государствами"},{"id":"id4265:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"Приложения"},{"id":"id4265:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"Благая весть о близком заключении договора о вечном мире в философии[171]. 1796"},{"id":"id4265:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"Первый раздел. Радостная надежда на близость вечного мира от низшей ступени живой человеческой природы к ее наивысшей – философии"},{"id":"id4265:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"Второй раздел. Сомнения в близости вечного мира в философии"},{"id":"id4265:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"Спор факультетов. 1798"},{"id":"id4265:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"Первый раздел. Спор философского факультета с богословским"},{"id":"id4265:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"Введение"},{"id":"id4265:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"I. Об отношениях между факультетами"},{"id":"id4265:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"Заключение"},{"id":"id4265:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"Приложение. Объяснение спора факультетов на примере спора между богословским и философским факультетами"},{"id":"id4265:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"Второй раздел. Спор философского факультета с юридическим"},{"id":"id4265:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"I. Возобновление вопроса: находится ли человеческий род в постоянном продвижении к лучшему?"},{"id":"id4265:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"Третий раздел. Спор философского факультета с медицинским"},{"id":"id4265:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"О способности духа силою только воли побеждать болезненные ощущения"},{"id":"id4265:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"О способности человеческого духа силою только воли побеждать болезненные ощущения"},{"id":"id4265:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"Принцип диететики"},{"id":"id4265:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"Заключение"},{"id":"id4265:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"Послесловие"},{"id":"id4265:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"notes"},{"id":"id4265:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id4265:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id4265:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id4265:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id4265:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id4265:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id4265:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id4265:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id4265:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id4265:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id4265:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id4265:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id4265:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id4265:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id4265:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id4265:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"16"},{"id":"id4265:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"17"},{"id":"id4265:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"18"},{"id":"id4265:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"19"},{"id":"id4265:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"20"},{"id":"id4265:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"21"},{"id":"id4265:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"22"},{"id":"id4265:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"23"},{"id":"id4265:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"24"},{"id":"id4265:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"25"},{"id":"id4265:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"26"},{"id":"id4265:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"27"},{"id":"id4265:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"28"},{"id":"id4265:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"29"},{"id":"id4265:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"30"},{"id":"id4265:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"31"},{"id":"id4265:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"32"},{"id":"id4265:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"33"},{"id":"id4265:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"34"},{"id":"id4265:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"35"},{"id":"id4265:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"36"},{"id":"id4265:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"37"},{"id":"id4265:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"38"},{"id":"id4265:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"39"},{"id":"id4265:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"40"},{"id":"id4265:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"41"},{"id":"id4265:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"42"},{"id":"id4265:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"43"},{"id":"id4265:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"44"},{"id":"id4265:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"45"},{"id":"id4265:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"46"},{"id":"id4265:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"47"},{"id":"id4265:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"48"},{"id":"id4265:102","kind":"paragraph","text":"49"},{"id":"id4265:103","kind":"paragraph","text":"50"},{"id":"id4265:104","kind":"paragraph","text":"51"},{"id":"id4265:105","kind":"paragraph","text":"52"},{"id":"id4265:106","kind":"paragraph","text":"53"},{"id":"id4265:107","kind":"paragraph","text":"54"},{"id":"id4265:108","kind":"paragraph","text":"55"},{"id":"id4265:109","kind":"paragraph","text":"56"},{"id":"id4265:110","kind":"paragraph","text":"57"},{"id":"id4265:111","kind":"paragraph","text":"58"},{"id":"id4265:112","kind":"paragraph","text":"59"},{"id":"id4265:113","kind":"paragraph","text":"60"},{"id":"id4265:114","kind":"paragraph","text":"61"},{"id":"id4265:115","kind":"paragraph","text":"62"},{"id":"id4265:116","kind":"paragraph","text":"63"},{"id":"id4265:117","kind":"paragraph","text":"64"},{"id":"id4265:118","kind":"paragraph","text":"65"},{"id":"id4265:119","kind":"paragraph","text":"66"},{"id":"id4265:120","kind":"paragraph","text":"67"},{"id":"id4265:121","kind":"paragraph","text":"68"},{"id":"id4265:122","kind":"paragraph","text":"69"},{"id":"id4265:123","kind":"paragraph","text":"70"},{"id":"id4265:124","kind":"paragraph","text":"71"},{"id":"id4265:125","kind":"paragraph","text":"72"},{"id":"id4265:126","kind":"paragraph","text":"73"},{"id":"id4265:127","kind":"paragraph","text":"74"},{"id":"id4265:128","kind":"paragraph","text":"75"},{"id":"id4265:129","kind":"paragraph","text":"76"},{"id":"id4265:130","kind":"paragraph","text":"77"},{"id":"id4265:131","kind":"paragraph","text":"78"},{"id":"id4265:132","kind":"paragraph","text":"79"},{"id":"id4265:133","kind":"paragraph","text":"80"},{"id":"id4265:134","kind":"paragraph","text":"81"},{"id":"id4265:135","kind":"paragraph","text":"82"},{"id":"id4265:136","kind":"paragraph","text":"83"},{"id":"id4265:137","kind":"paragraph","text":"84"},{"id":"id4265:138","kind":"paragraph","text":"85"},{"id":"id4265:139","kind":"paragraph","text":"86"},{"id":"id4265:140","kind":"paragraph","text":"87"},{"id":"id4265:141","kind":"paragraph","text":"88"},{"id":"id4265:142","kind":"paragraph","text":"89"},{"id":"id4265:143","kind":"paragraph","text":"90"},{"id":"id4265:144","kind":"paragraph","text":"91"},{"id":"id4265:145","kind":"paragraph","text":"92"},{"id":"id4265:146","kind":"paragraph","text":"93"},{"id":"id4265:147","kind":"paragraph","text":"94"},{"id":"id4265:148","kind":"paragraph","text":"95"},{"id":"id4265:149","kind":"p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Кант К вечному миру (сборник)"},{"id":"id4264:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Андреева И. С, наследники, перевод на русский язык, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Арзаканян Ц. Г., наследники, перевод на русский язык, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Гасилин А. В., вступительная статья, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Гулыга А. В., наследники, перевод на русский язык, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Копцев И. Д., перевод на русский язык, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Левина М. И., наследники, перевод на русский язык, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Подорога Б. В., составление, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Попов Ю. Н. перевод на русский язык, 2018"},{"id":"id4264:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"© Издание. Оформление. ООО Группа Компаний «РИПОЛ классик», 2018"},{"id":"id4263:0","kind":"heading","text":"Метафизика свободы в политической философии И. Канта"},{"id":"id4263:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Отечественному читателю творческий гений Иммануила Канта знаком, в основном, в трех дисциплинарных ипостасях: гносеологической, этической и эстетической – по числу трех фундаментальных критик «кенигсбергского затворника»: «Критики чистого разума» (1781), «Критики практического разума» (1788) и «Критики способности суждения» (1790). Четвертую, политическую, ипостась кантовской мысли часто считают необязательным довеском к монументальной кантовской Системе, а между тем именно в ней последняя обретает полноту и логическую завершенность."},{"id":"id4263:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Политические сочинения занимают в философском наследии Канта отнюдь не центральное место, проблемы политики оказываются в фокусе его научного интереса только в последние десятилетия жизни. Основные политические работы Канта: «Идея всеобщей истории во всемирно-гражданском плане» (1784), «Ответ на вопрос, что такое просвещение» (1784), «Предполагаемое начало человеческой истории» (1786), «О поговорке „Может быть, это и верно в теории, но не годится для практики\"» (1793), «К вечному миру» (1795), «Метафизика нравов» (1797), «Спор факультетов» (1798) – написаны уже на закате его научной карьеры. Интерес позднего Канта к политической философии не в последнюю очередь предопределен необычайной социальной напряженностью, господствовавшей в Европе на исходе XVIII века. Будучи своеобразным откликом на «вызовы эпохи», политическая философия Канта произрастает на почве просвещенческого либерализма, продолжая традицию, связанную с именами Дж. Локка, Ш. Л. Монтескье, Вольтера и Ж.-Ж. Руссо."},{"id":"id4263:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Удивительная трезвость и прозорливость кантовской политической мысли, коей могли бы позавидовать многие представители Realpolitik, обусловлена тем фактом, что его политическая теория представляет собой отнюдь не ряд концепций ad hoc, а является логическим продолжением кантовской этики и философии права. Тесная взаимосвязь между этической, правовой и политической составляющими кантовской философии объясняется не столько формальным академическим требованием «системности», сколько необычайной методичностью самой кантовской мысли, точность и основательность которой можно сравнить с работой добросовестного строителя, возводящего здания «на века». Так, своеобразным замковым камнем, скрепляющим воедино всю эту конструкцию, выступает понятие свободы, последовательно реализующейся на разных уровнях (моральном, правовом и политическом) и составляющей основу кантовской антропологии."}],"toc":[{"id":"id4265:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT#reader-content"},{"id":"id4264:0:1","label":"Иммануил Кант К вечному миру (сборник)","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT#reader-content"},{"id":"id4263:0:1","label":"Метафизика свободы в политической философии И. Канта","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT#reader-content"},{"id":"id4262:0:6","label":"Идея всеобщей истории во всемирно-гражданском плане[10]. 1784","page":6,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=6#reader-content"},{"id":"id4261:0:7","label":"Положение первое","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id4260:0:7","label":"Положение второе","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id4259:0:7","label":"Положение третье","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id4258:0:7","label":"Положение четвертое","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id4257:0:8","label":"Положение пятое","page":8,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=8#reader-content"},{"id":"id4256:0:8","label":"Положение шестое","page":8,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=8#reader-content"},{"id":"id4255:0:8","label":"Положение седьмое","page":8,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=8#reader-content"},{"id":"id4254:0:9","label":"Положение восьмое","page":9,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=9#reader-content"},{"id":"id4253:0:10","label":"Положение девятое","page":10,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=10#reader-content"},{"id":"id4252:0:11","label":"Ответ на вопрос: что такое просвещение? 1784","page":11,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=11#reader-content"},{"id":"id4251:0:13","label":"Рецензия на книгу И. Г. Гердера «идеи к философии истории человечества» (части 1, 2). 1785","page":13,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=13#reader-content"},{"id":"id4250:0:13","label":"I [Рецензия первой части]","page":13,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=13#reader-content"},{"id":"id4250:12:15","label":"Приложение","page":15,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=15#reader-content"},{"id":"id4249:0:16","label":"II. Напоминания рецензента книги И. Г. Гердера «Идеи к философии истории человечества»","page":16,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=16#reader-content"},{"id":"id4248:0:17","label":"III. [Рецензия второй части]","page":17,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=17#reader-content"},{"id":"id4247:0:19","label":"Предполагаемое начало человеческой истории. 1786","page":19,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=19#reader-content"},{"id":"id4246:0:21","label":"Замечание","page":21,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=21#reader-content"},{"id":"id4245:0:21","label":"Заключение истории","page":21,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=21#reader-content"},{"id":"id4244:0:22","label":"Заключительное замечание","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id4243:0:23","label":"О применении телеологических принципов в философии. 1788","page":23,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=23#reader-content"},{"id":"id4243:27:30","label":"* * *","page":30,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=30#reader-content"},{"id":"id4242:0:31","label":"О неудачах всех философских попыток теодицеи. 1791","page":31,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=31#reader-content"},{"id":"id4241:0:34","label":"Заключительное замечание","page":34,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=34#reader-content"},{"id":"id4240:0:36","label":"О поговорке «Может быть, это и верно в теории, но не годится для практики». 1798","page":36,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=36#reader-content"},{"id":"id4239:0:37","label":"I. Об отношении теории к практике в морали вообще (ответ на некоторые возражения господина проф. Гарве[89])","page":37,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=37#reader-content"},{"id":"id4238:0:40","label":"II. Об отношении теории к практике в государственном праве (против Гоббса)","page":40,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=40#reader-content"},{"id":"id4238:16:42","label":"Вывод","page":42,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=42#reader-content"},{"id":"id4238:31:45","label":"* * *","page":45,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=45#reader-content"},{"id":"id4237:0:45","label":"III. Об отношении теории к практике в международном праве с точки зрения общего человеколюбия, т. е. космополитической[…","page":45,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=45#reader-content"},{"id":"id4237:11:47","label":"* * *","page":47,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=47#reader-content"},{"id":"id4236:0:48","label":"Конец всего сущего. 1794","page":48,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=48#reader-content"},{"id":"id4235:0:51","label":"К вечному миру. Философский проект. 1795","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id4235:1:51","label":"К вечному миру","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id4234:0:51","label":"Раздел первый, который содержит прелиминарные статьи договора о вечном мире между государствами","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id4234:14:53","label":"* * *","page":53,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=53#reader-content"},{"id":"id4233:0:53","label":"Раздел второй, содержащий окончательные статьи договора о вечном мире между государствами","page":53,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=53#reader-content"},{"id":"id4233:2:53","label":"Первая окончательная статья договора о вечном мире","page":53,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=53#reader-content"},{"id":"id4233:9:54","label":"Вторая окончательная статья договора о вечном мире","page":54,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=54#reader-content"},{"id":"id4233:17:55","label":"Третья окончательная статья договора о вечном мире","page":55,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=55#reader-content"},{"id":"id4233:23:56","label":"Дополнение первое. О гарантии вечного мира","page":56,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=56#reader-content"},{"id":"id4233:32:58","label":"Дополнение второе. Тайная статья договора о вечном мире","page":58,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=58#reader-content"},{"id":"id4232:0:58","label":"Приложения","page":58,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=58#reader-content"},{"id":"id4232:1:58","label":"I. О разногласиях между моралью и политикой в отношении вечного мира","page":58,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=58#reader-content"},{"id":"id4232:14:60","label":"* * *","page":60,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=60#reader-content"},{"id":"id4232:21:61","label":"* * *","page":61,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=61#reader-content"},{"id":"id4232:24:62","label":"II. О согласии политики и морали с точки зрения трансцендентального понятия публичного права","page":62,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=62#reader-content"},{"id":"id4232:36:63","label":"* * *","page":63,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=63#reader-content"},{"id":"id4232:42:64","label":"* * *","page":64,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=64#reader-content"},{"id":"id4231:0:64","label":"Благая весть о близком заключении договора о вечном мире в философии[171]. 1796","page":64,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=64#reader-content"},{"id":"id4230:0:64","label":"Первый раздел. Радостная надежда на близость вечного мира от низшей ступени живой человеческой природы к ее наивысшей –…","page":64,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=64#reader-content"},{"id":"id4230:2:64","label":"А","page":64,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=64#reader-content"},{"id":"id4230:14:65","label":"Б","page":65,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=65#reader-content"},{"id":"id4230:22:66","label":"Итог","page":66,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=66#reader-content"},{"id":"id4229:0:66","label":"Второй раздел. Сомнения в близости вечного мира в философии","page":66,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=66#reader-content"},{"id":"id4228:0:67","label":"Спор факультетов. 1798","page":67,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=67#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:0:67","label":"Первый раздел. Спор философского факультета с богословским","page":67,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=67#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:1:67","label":"Введение","page":67,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=67#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:5:67","label":"Деление факультетов вообще","page":67,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=67#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:8:68","label":"I. Об отношениях между факультетами","page":68,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=68#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:9:68","label":"Раздел первый понятие и деление высших факультетов","page":68,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=68#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:13:68","label":"* * *","page":68,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=68#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:16:69","label":"А. Особенность богословского факультета","page":69,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=69#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:18:69","label":"В. Особенность юридического факультета","page":69,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=69#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:21:70","label":"C. Особенность медицинского факультета","page":70,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=70#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:24:70","label":"Раздел второй. Понятие и деление низшего факультета","page":70,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=70#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:29:71","label":"Раздел третий. О незаконном споре высших факультетов с низшим","page":71,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=71#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:39:72","label":"Раздел четвертый. О законном споре высших факультетов с низшим","page":72,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=72#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:47:73","label":"Заключение","page":73,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=73#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:49:73","label":"Приложение. Объяснение спора факультетов на примере спора между богословским и философским факультетами","page":73,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=73#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:50:73","label":"I. Предмет спора","page":73,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=73#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:55:74","label":"II. Философские принципы толкования Писания, способствующие улаживанию спора","page":74,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=74#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:66:76","label":"* * *","page":76,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=76#reader-content"},{"id":"id4227:68:76","label":"III. Возражения, касающиеся принципов толкования Священного Писания, и ответ на них","page":76,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=76#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:0:77","label":"Второй раздел. Спор философского факультета с юридическим","page":77,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=77#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:1:77","label":"I. Возобновление вопроса: находится ли человеческий род в постоянном продвижении к лучшему?","page":77,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=77#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:2:77","label":"1. Что мы хотим знать?","page":77,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=77#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:5:77","label":"2. Каким образом возможно данное знание?","page":77,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=77#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:10:77","label":"3. Подразделение понятия о том, что можно утверждать заранее о будущем","page":77,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=77#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:17:78","label":"4. Непосредственно решить задачу прогресса с помощью опыта невозможно","page":78,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=78#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:22:78","label":"5. Но на какой-то опыт предсказующая история человечества ведь должна опираться","page":78,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=78#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:24:78","label":"6. О событии нашего времени, которое доказывает наличие этой моральной тенденции в человеческом роде","page":78,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=78#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:29:79","label":"7. Предсказующая история человечества","page":79,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=79#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:36:80","label":"8. О трудности максим, направленных на движение к благу мира, в отношении их публичности","page":80,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=80#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:40:80","label":"9. Какие плоды сулит человеческому роду прогресс к лучшему?","page":80,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=80#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:43:81","label":"10. На каком пути можно ожидать продвижения к лучшему?","page":81,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=81#reader-content"},{"id":"id4226:45:81","label":"Заключение","page":81,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=81#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:0:81","label":"Третий раздел. Спор философского факультета с медицинским","page":81,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=81#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:1:81","label":"О способности духа силою только воли побеждать болезненные ощущения","page":81,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=81#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:2:81","label":"Ответ господину надворному советнику профессору Хуфеланду[214]. 1798","page":81,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=81#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:6:82","label":"О способности человеческого духа силою только воли побеждать болезненные ощущения","page":82,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=82#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:13:83","label":"Принцип диететики","page":83,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=83#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:21:84","label":"1. Об ипохондрии","page":84,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=84#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:24:84","label":"2. О сне","page":84,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=84#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:28:85","label":"3. О еде и питье","page":85,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=85#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:33:86","label":"4. О болезненных ощущениях, вызываемых неумением отводить мышлению соответствующее время","page":86,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=86#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:36:86","label":"5. Об устранении и предупреждении болезненных явлений посредством правильного дыхания","page":86,"pageUrl":"/books/0k0DgWAT?page=86#reader-content"},{"id":"id4225:38:86","label":"6. 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