Вечные спутники

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Стремился к справедливости и внутреннему спокойствию, руководил войнами против германцев, реформировал римское право и подавил гладиаторские игры. Его личная жизнь, отношения с женой Фаустиной и сыном Коммодом, а также смерть символизируют конец эпохи философских императоров.","Плиний Младший — Писатель и государственный деятель, описывающий повседневную жизнь, литературные размышления и политические события. В письмах рассказывает о работе над сочинением, прогулках, чтении латинских и греческих речей, а также о переживаниях во время правления Домициана и Везувийского извержения. Он проявляет аскетизм, радость жизни, щедрость и любовь к природе.","Дон Педро Кальдерон — Бывший военный, позже монах, автор автосакраментальных драм, пронизанных католическим символизмом. Путешествовал по Италии и Фландрии, вступил в монашеский орден в 1650‑х, умер в 1681. Его пьесы, как «Поклонение Кресту», исследуют честь, любовь, веру и воли через дуэли, интриги и духовные испытания.","Монтень — Философ-скептик, наблюдатель жизни, отвергающий строгие системы в пользу естественного подхода. Критик законов, власти, религии, видит в природе высшую гармонию. Смерть рассматривает как естественный конец, а жизнь — как временное явление, подверженное эмоциям и обстоятельствам.","Гёте — Видит в природе проявление божественного, считает, что наука и религия дополняют друг друга. В молодости встречался с Наполеоном, размышлял о природе, науке и религии, убеждался в взаимосвязи знания и веры.","Флобер — Убежден, что искусство выше жизни, художник отделён от морали. Его письма подчёркивают отстранённость от эмоций и традиций, стремление к высшей эстетике.","Ибсен — Показывает, как стремление к высшей эстетике приводит к отчуждению от общества и внутреннему конфликту, критика традиций и поиск свободы.","Достоевский — Исследует психологию персонажей, показывая, как мораль и искусство переплетаются, создавая глубокую психологию и внутренний конфликт.","Родион Раскольников — Убеждён в теории сверхчеловека, оправдывает убийство старухи, но испытывает внутренний конфликт и сомнения. Ведёт разговоры с Соней Мармеладовой, Порфирием, страдания Дуни и матери.","Пушкин — Поэт-мыслитель, чьи идеи о свободе, природе и культуре влияют на русскую литературу. Баланс между отречением от Я в Боге и обожествлением своего Я в героизме, критика современной русской культуры.","Гоголь — Писатель, видящий в Пушкине проявление русской души, влияющий на русскую литературу.","Мигель Сервантес — Относится к своему роману скромно, не осознаёт его величия, допускает ошибки. Сатирический роман, критика рыцарских романов, персонажи Дон Кихот и Санчо Панса."]},{"key":"quotes","title":"Цитаты","body":["Внутри меня возникло чувство, что я уже где-то и когда-то видел и пережил, только не в книгах.","Греческое спокойствие и совершенная чистота линий в мадоннах Рафаэля, который считал греков своими учителями.","О, да, все мы готовы скорбеть о Марке Аврелии, как будто вчера он еще умер.","Ты спрашиваешь, как я провожу дни на моей тосканской вилле?","Вечные деревенские жалобы заставляют меня еще сильнее любить нашу литературу, наши городские дела.","\"Nihil desperare, muli rei fidere\" – стоический девиз Плиния.","\"otiosum esse, quam nihil agere\" – призыв к спокойствию и тишине.","Воля – таково основное вдохновение всякого драматического действия.","Кальдерон – глубочайший мистик, но отнюдь не философ.","«Стоит только обратить внимание на странные небрежности, противоречия, ошибки, которыми кишит первая часть романа, чтобы найти в этом явное доказательство, что автор начал свое произведение в минуту дурного расположения духа…»"]}],"authorSummary":{"key":"authorSummary","title":"Сводка по автору из Wikidata","body":"1865–1941. 德米特里·梅列日科夫斯基. русский писатель, поэт, литературный критик, переводчик, историк, религиозный философ, общественный деятель (1865—1941)"},"hasArtifacts":true,"canReadInApp":true,"readUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_787559","artifactsUrl":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_787559","readCtaLabel":"Читать бесплатно","artifactsCtaLabel":"AI-разбор","appReadLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=r_787559","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=r_787559","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=r_787559","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=r_787559"},"appAnalysisLinks":{"tg":"https://t.me/bookra_lib_bot/BookRa?startapp=b_787559","vk":"https://vk.com/app54470698#startapp=b_787559","max":"https://max.ru/id7751370047_bot?startapp=b_787559","web":"https://web.bookra.app/?startapp=b_787559"},"guestReaderUrl":"/books/2v3Iy8Nh#reader-content","authorCtaLabel":"Все книги автора","authorProtectedUrl":"/author/702a7421-aa61-102a-94d5-07de47c81719","readersCount":75,"adultLabel":"12+","yearLabel":null,"datePublished":null,"publisherLabel":null,"isbn":null,"oclc":null,"lccn":null,"partnerUrl":null,"accessNote":"Полный текст книги и AI-разбор откроются на защищенных страницах BookRa после входа."},"reader":{"page":1,"totalPages":106,"hasPrev":false,"hasNext":true,"prevPageUrl":null,"nextPageUrl":"/books/2v3Iy8Nh?page=2#reader-content","progressLabel":"Страница 1 из 106","sections":[{"id":"id2228:0","kind":"heading","text":"Annotation"},{"id":"id2228:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"«… Предлагаемое издание состоит из рада критических очерков. Цель автора заключается не в том, чтобы дать более или менее объективную, полную картину какой-либо стороны, течения, момента во всемирной литературе, цель его – откровенно субъективная. Прежде всего желал бы он показать за книгой живую душу писателя – своеобразную, единственную, никогда более не повторявшуюся форму бытия; затем изобразить действие этой души – иногда отделенной от нас веками и народами, но более близкой, чем те, среди кого мы живем, – на ум, волю, сердце, на всю внутреннюю жизнь критика, как представителя известного поколения. Именно в том и заключается величие великих, что время их не уничтожает, а обновляет: каждый новый век дает им как бы новое тело, новую душу, по образу и подобию своему. …»"},{"id":"id2228:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"В сборник вошли очерки: «Акрополь», «Марк Аврелий», «Плиний Младший», «Кальдерон», «Сервантес», «Гёте», «Монтань», «Флобер», «Ибсен», «Достоевский», «Гончаров», «Тургенев», «Майков», «Пушкин»."},{"id":"id2228:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Дмитрий Сергеевич Мережковский"},{"id":"id2228:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Введение"},{"id":"id2228:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Акрополь"},{"id":"id2228:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Трагедия целомудрия и сладострастия"},{"id":"id2228:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Марк Аврелий"},{"id":"id2228:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"Плиний Младший"},{"id":"id2228:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"IV"},{"id":"id2228:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"V"},{"id":"id2228:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"VI"},{"id":"id2228:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"VII"},{"id":"id2228:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"VIII"},{"id":"id2228:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"IX"},{"id":"id2228:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"X"},{"id":"id2228:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"Кальдерон"},{"id":"id2228:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"Сервантес"},{"id":"id2228:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"IV"},{"id":"id2228:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"Гёте"},{"id":"id2228:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"Монтань"},{"id":"id2228:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"Флобер"},{"id":"id2228:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"IV"},{"id":"id2228:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"V"},{"id":"id2228:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ибсен"},{"id":"id2228:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"Достоевский"},{"id":"id2228:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"Гончаров"},{"id":"id2228:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"Тургенев"},{"id":"id2228:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"Майков"},{"id":"id2228:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"Пушкин"},{"id":"id2228:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"I"},{"id":"id2228:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"II"},{"id":"id2228:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"III"},{"id":"id2228:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"IV"},{"id":"id2228:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"notes"},{"id":"id2228:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id2228:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id2228:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id2228:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id2228:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id2228:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id2228:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id2228:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id2228:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id2228:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id2228:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id2228:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id2228:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id2228:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id2228:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id2228:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"16"},{"id":"id2228:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"17"},{"id":"id2228:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"18"},{"id":"id2228:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"19"},{"id":"id2228:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"20"},{"id":"id2228:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"21"},{"id":"id2228:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"22"},{"id":"id2228:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"23"},{"id":"id2228:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"24"},{"id":"id2228:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"25"},{"id":"id2228:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"26"},{"id":"id2228:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"27"},{"id":"id2228:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"28"},{"id":"id2228:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"29"},{"id":"id2228:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"30"},{"id":"id2228:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"31"},{"id":"id2228:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"32"},{"id":"id2228:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"33"},{"id":"id2228:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"34"},{"id":"id2228:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"35"},{"id":"id2228:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"36"},{"id":"id2228:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"37"},{"id":"id2228:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"38"},{"id":"id2228:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"39"},{"id":"id2228:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"40"},{"id":"id2228:102","kind":"paragraph","text":"41"},{"id":"id2228:103","kind":"paragraph","text":"42"},{"id":"id2228:104","kind":"paragraph","text":"43"},{"id":"id2228:105","kind":"paragraph","text":"44"},{"id":"id2228:106","kind":"paragraph","text":"45"},{"id":"id2228:107","kind":"paragraph","text":"46"},{"id":"id2228:108","kind":"paragraph","text":"47"},{"id":"id2228:109","kind":"paragraph","text":"48"},{"id":"id2228:110","kind":"pa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Сергеевич Мережковский Вечные спутники"},{"id":"id2226:0","kind":"heading","text":"Введение"},{"id":"id2226:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Предлагаемое издание состоит из рада критических очерков. Цель автора заключается не в том, чтобы дать более или менее объективную, полную картину какой-либо стороны, течения, момента во всемирной литературе, цель его – откровенно субъективная. Прежде всего желал бы он показать за книгой живую душу писателя – своеобразную, единственную, никогда более не повторявшуюся форму бытия; затем изобразить действие этой души – иногда отделенной от нас веками и народами, но более близкой, чем те, среди кого мы живем, – на ум, волю, сердце, на всю внутреннюю жизнь критика, как представителя известного поколения. Именно в том и заключается величие великих, что время их не уничтожает, а обновляет: каждый новый век дает им как бы новое тело, новую душу, по образу и подобию своему."},{"id":"id2226:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Несомненно, что Эсхил, Данте, Гомер для XVI века были не тем, чем сделались для XVIII, еще менее тем, чем стали для конца XIX, и мы не можем представить себе, чем они будут для XX, – только знаем, что великие писатели прошлого и настоящего для грядущих поколений будут уже не такими, какими наши глаза их видят, наши сердца их любят."},{"id":"id2226:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Они живут, идут за нами, как будто провожают нас к таинственной цели; они продолжают любить и страдать в наших сердцах, как часть нашей собственной души, вечно изменяясь, вечно сохраняя кровную связь с человеческим духом. Для каждого народа они – родные, для каждого времени – современники, и даже более – предвестники будущего."},{"id":"id2226:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Вот почему, кроме научной критики, у которой есть пределы, так как всякий предмет исследования может быть исчерпан до конца, – кроме объективной художественной критики, которая также ограничена, ибо раз навсегда может дать писателю верную оценку и более не нуждаться в повторениях, – есть критика субъективная, психологическая, неисчерпаемая, беспредельная по существу своему, как сама жизнь, ибо каждый век, каждое поколение требует объяснения великих писателей прошлого в своем свете, в своем духе, под своим углом зрения."},{"id":"id2226:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"В этом издании собран ряд небольших очерков (появлявшихся в печати от 1888 до 1896 г.) – как бы галерея миниатюрных портретов великих писателей разных веков и народов – для русской публики в значительной мере великих незнакомцев, ибо, кроме их имени, русский читатель до сих пор знает о них разве по отрывкам неудовлетворительных переводов или по безличным выдержкам из курсов литературы справочных книг."},{"id":"id2226:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"За это соединение столь различных, по-видимому, чуждых друг другу, имен в одну семью, в одну галерею портретов, могут упрекнуть автора в отсутствии систематической связи. Но он питает надежду, что читателю мало-помалу откроется не внешняя, а субъективная, внутренняя связь в самом я, миросозерцании критика, ибо – повторяю – он не задается целями научной или художественной характеристики. Он желал бы только рассказать со всей доступной ему искренностью, как действовали на его ум, сердце и волю любимые книги, верные друзья, тихие спутники жизни."},{"id":"id2226:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Это – записки, дневник читателя в конце XIX века."},{"id":"id2226:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Субъективный критик должен считать свою задачу исполненной, если ему удастся найти неожиданное в знакомом, свое в чужом, новое в старом."},{"id":"id2226:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Д. Мережковский"},{"id":"id2226:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ноябрь 1896"}],"toc":[{"id":"id2228:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2v3Iy8Nh#reader-content"},{"id":"id2227:0:1","label":"Дмитрий Сергеевич Мережковский Вечные спутники","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2v3Iy8Nh#reader-content"},{"id":"id2226:0:1","label":"Введение","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/2v3Iy8Nh#reader-content"},{"id":"id2225:0:2","label":"Акрополь","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/2v3Iy8Nh?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id2224:0:5","label":"Трагедия целомудрия и сладострастия","page":5,"pageUrl":"/books/2v3Iy8Nh?page=5#reader-content"},{"id":"id2223:0:6","label":"Марк 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