Экзистенциальная диалектика божественного и человеческого

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Бердяев"},{"id":"id2150:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Предисловие"},{"id":"id2150:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава I"},{"id":"id2150:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава II"},{"id":"id2150:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава III"},{"id":"id2150:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава IV"},{"id":"id2150:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава V"},{"id":"id2150:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава VI"},{"id":"id2150:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава VII"},{"id":"id2150:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава VIII"},{"id":"id2150:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава IX"},{"id":"id2150:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава Х"},{"id":"id2150:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава XI"},{"id":"id2150:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава XII"},{"id":"id2150:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава XIII"},{"id":"id2150:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"Глава XIV"},{"id":"id2150:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"notes"},{"id":"id2150:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id2150:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id2150:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id2150:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id2150:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id2150:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id2150:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id2150:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id2150:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id2150:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id2150:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id2150:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id2150:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id2150:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id2150:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id2150:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"16"},{"id":"id2150:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"17"},{"id":"id2150:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"18"},{"id":"id2150:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"19"},{"id":"id2150:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"20"},{"id":"id2150:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"21"},{"id":"id2150:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"22"},{"id":"id2150:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"23"},{"id":"id2150:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"24"},{"id":"id2150:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"25"},{"id":"id2150:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"26"},{"id":"id2150:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"27"},{"id":"id2150:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"28"},{"id":"id2150:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"29"},{"id":"id2150:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"30"},{"id":"id2150:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"31"},{"id":"id2150:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"32"},{"id":"id2150:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"33"},{"id":"id2150:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"34"},{"id":"id2150:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"35"},{"id":"id2150:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"36"},{"id":"id2150:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"37"},{"id":"id2150:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"38"},{"id":"id2150:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"39"},{"id":"id2150:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"40"},{"id":"id2150:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"41"},{"id":"id2150:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"42"},{"id":"id2150:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"43"},{"id":"id2150:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"44"},{"id":"id2150:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"45"},{"id":"id2150:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"46"},{"id":"id2150:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"47"},{"id":"id2150:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"48"},{"id":"id2150:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"49"},{"id":"id2150:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"50"},{"id":"id2150:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"51"},{"id":"id2150:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"52"},{"id":"id2150:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"53"},{"id":"id2150:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"54"},{"id":"id2150:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"55"},{"id":"id2150:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"56"},{"id":"id2150:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"57"},{"id":"id2150:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"58"},{"id":"id2150:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"59"},{"id":"id2150:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"60"},{"id":"id2150:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"61"},{"id":"id2150:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"62"},{"id":"id2150:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"63"},{"id":"id2150:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"64"},{"id":"id2150:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"65"},{"id":"id2150:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"66"},{"id":"id2150:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"67"},{"id":"id2150:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"68"},{"id":"id2150:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"69"},{"id":"id2150:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"70"},{"id":"id2150:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"71"},{"id":"id2150:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"72"},{"id":"id2150:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"73"},{"id":"id2150:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"74"},{"id":"id2150:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"75"},{"id":"id2150:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"76"},{"id":"id2150:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"77"},{"id":"id2150:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"78"},{"id":"id2150:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"79"},{"id":"id2150:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"80"},{"id":"id2150:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"81"},{"id":"id2150:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"82"},{"id":"id2150:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"83"},{"id":"id2150:102","kind":"paragraph","text":"84"},{"id":"id2150:103","kind":"paragraph","text":"85"},{"id":"id2150:104","kind":"paragraph","text":"86"},{"id":"id2150:105","kind":"paragraph","text":"87"},{"id":"id2150:106","kind":"paragraph","text":"88"},{"id":"id2150:107","kind":"paragraph","text":"89"},{"id":"id2150:108","kind":"paragraph","text":"90"},{"id":"id2150:109","kind":"paragraph","text":"91"},{"id":"id2150:110","kind":"paragraph","text":"92"},{"id":"id2150:111","kind":"paragraph","text":"93"},{"id":"id2150:112","kind":"paragraph","text":"94"},{"id":"id2150:113","kind":"paragraph","text":"95"},{"id":"id2150:114","kind":"paragraph","text":"96"},{"id":"id2150:115","kind":"paragraph","text":"97"},{"id":"id2150:116","kind":"paragraph","text":"98"},{"id":"id2150:117","kind":"paragr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Бердяев Экзистенциальная диалектика божественного и человеческого"},{"id":"id2149:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Посвящаю памяти дорогого друга – Лидии Бердяевой"},{"id":"id2148:0","kind":"heading","text":"Предисловие"},{"id":"id2148:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Макс Штирнер сказал: «Ich habe meine Sache auf Nichts gestellt» – я основал свое дело на ничто. Я скажу: я основал свое дело на свободе. Свобода есть ничто в смысле реальностей природного мира, не есть что-то. Поэтому я назвал иронически свою первую главу – «неблагочестивым размышлением». Традиционно-благочестивое размышление не начинает со свободы. Как сын свободы, я признаю свободную критику исторического христианства и свободную критику откровения, которая должна быть подобна критике чистого разума.[ 1] Книга эта не догматическая, совсем не теологическая, хотя я хотел бы иметь право сказать, что она верующая. Философия должна быть ориентирована не только на научном знании, но и на религиозном опыте. Сиентизм есть ложная и ограниченная философия. В книге этой я хотел выразить пережитую внутреннюю духовную борьбу последних лет, испытанные муки и страдания и их преодоление, пережитые надежды. Мысль моя, направленная на начальное и конечное, допускает единственно возможную метафизику – метаисторию. Все экзистенциальное есть история, динамика, судьба – человек есть история, мир есть история. Бог есть история, совершающаяся драма. Философия, которую я хотел бы выразить, есть драматическая философия судьбы, существования во времени, переходящего в вечность, времени, устремленного к концу, который есть не смерть, а преображение. Поэтому все должно рассматриваться с точки зрения философии истории. Самая же философия истории может быть только профетической, разгадывающей тайны грядущего."},{"id":"id2148:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Я не верю в феноменологический метод, который может быть плодотворен в психологии, может помочь познанию метафизическому и мета-историческому; я верю лишь в метод экзистенциально-антропоцентрический и духовно-религиозный, если, впрочем, это можно назвать методом. Гуссерль хочет исследовать феноменологическим методом эссенции. Гейдеггер хочет исследовать феноменологическим методом экзистации. Но экзистации при этом исчезают, и происходит объективация, которая закрывает тайну жизни человека, мира и Бога. Экспрессионизм в философии есть единственный верный путь. Единственная возможная метафизика есть метафизика профетическая, употребляя выражение Ясперса, и метафизика большого стиля всегда была такой. Экзистенциальная философия есть выражение (экспрессионизм) моей личной судьбы, но судьба моя должна выражать и судьбу мира и человека. Это не переход от индивидуального к общему, а интуитивное раскрытие универсального в индивидуальном. Философия, метафизика есть не отражение объективных реальностей, а изменение внутри человеческого существования, обнаружение смысла существования. Метафизика есть выражение существа. Мир предстоит иным, в зависимости от того, занят ли человек хозяйственным трудом, политической борьбой, интеллектуальным или художественным творчеством или религиозным созерцанием. И человек понимает что-нибудь лишь тогда, когда мысль проникается чувством и приходит в движение все существо человека. То, что называют бытием, определяется не мыслью, не познанием, не идеей, а целостным субъектом, т. е. и чувством, и волей, и всей направленностью. Этим создаются разные миры. Истина творится в субъекте, она не дается объективно извне. Мир представляется иным, в зависимости от того, молоды ли мы или стары, здоровы или больны, радостны или печальны, учены или невежественны, верующие или скептики и т. д. К экзистации нельзя прийти, можно лишь изойти от нее. Истина есть акт свободы, она создается. Киркегард говорит, что истина тождественна с субъективностью. Бог открывается для единственного. Бог присутствует только в субъективности. Объективная истина есть смерть существования. Есть большая правда в словах Киркегарда, хотя неполная и иногда искаженная. Ясперс говорит, что трансцендентное уловимо лишь через погружение в глубину имманентного. Это то же, что я говорю, но выражено иначе. Тот же Ясперс утверждает, что пограничное положение человека упирается в трансцендентность. Для него объективно все относительное, экзистенциальное же в абсолютном. В отличие от таких экзистенциальных философов, как Гейдеггер и многие другие, я уверен, что религиозный опыт, в существовании которого нельзя сомневаться, обогащает познание и просветляет философию. Но это предполагает иное отношение между философией и религией, чем как его обычно понимают. Настоящая философия враждебна абстрактному, она стремится к конкретному. К этому стремился и Гегель, хотя не вполне достигал этого. Диалектика этой книги будет не логической, а жизненной, экзистенциональной диалектикой. Для моей мысли характерна эсхатологическая направленность. Из этой книги будет ясно, что это будет значить. Книга эта была написана в исключительно тяжелый период моей жизни и внешне и внутренне. Это относится к экзистенциальности творящего субъекта. Нужна была большая духовная сосредоточенность, чтобы условия жизни не раздавили."},{"id":"id2148:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Париж – Кламар."},{"id":"id2148:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"1944-1945"}],"toc":[{"id":"id2150:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY#reader-content"},{"id":"id2149:0:1","label":"Н. Бердяев Экзистенциальная диалектика божественного и человеческого","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY#reader-content"},{"id":"id2148:0:1","label":"Предисловие","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY#reader-content"},{"id":"id2147:0:2","label":"Глава I Неблагочестивое размышление. Кризис христианства. Критика откровения","page":2,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=2#reader-content"},{"id":"id2146:0:7","label":"Глава II Диалектика божественного и человеческого в германской мысли. Значение ницше. Диалектика троичности","page":7,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=7#reader-content"},{"id":"id2145:0:13","label":"Глава III Развитие и новизна","page":13,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=13#reader-content"},{"id":"id2144:0:15","label":"Глава IV Страх","page":15,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=15#reader-content"},{"id":"id2143:0:17","label":"Глава V Страдание","page":17,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=17#reader-content"},{"id":"id2142:0:22","label":"Глава VI Зло","page":22,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=22#reader-content"},{"id":"id2141:0:25","label":"Глава VII Война","page":25,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=25#reader-content"},{"id":"id2140:0:28","label":"Глава VIII Человечность","page":28,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=28#reader-content"},{"id":"id2139:0:32","label":"Глава IX Духовность","page":32,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=32#reader-content"},{"id":"id2138:0:35","label":"Глава Х Красота","page":35,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=35#reader-content"},{"id":"id2137:0:37","label":"Глава XI Бессмертие","page":37,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=37#reader-content"},{"id":"id2136:0:42","label":"Глава XII Мессианизм и история","page":42,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=42#reader-content"},{"id":"id2135:0:46","label":"Глава XIII Религия духа. Благочестивое размышление","page":46,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=46#reader-content"},{"id":"id2134:0:48","label":"Глава XIV Конец вещей и новый эон","page":48,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=48#reader-content"},{"id":"id2134:11:50","label":"notes","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2133:0:50","label":"Примечания","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2132:0:50","label":"1","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2131:0:50","label":"2","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2130:0:50","label":"3","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2129:0:50","label":"4","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2128:0:50","label":"5","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2127:0:50","label":"6","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2126:0:50","label":"7","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2125:0:50","label":"8","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2124:0:50","label":"9","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2123:0:50","label":"10","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2122:0:50","label":"11","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2121:0:50","label":"12","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2120:0:50","label":"13","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2119:0:50","label":"14","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2118:0:50","label":"15","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2117:0:50","label":"16","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2116:0:50","label":"17","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2115:0:50","label":"18","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2114:0:50","label":"19","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2113:0:50","label":"20","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2112:0:50","label":"21","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2111:0:50","label":"22","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2110:0:50","label":"23","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2109:0:50","label":"24","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2108:0:50","label":"25","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2107:0:50","label":"26","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2106:0:50","label":"27","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2105:0:50","label":"28","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2104:0:50","label":"29","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2103:0:50","label":"30","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2102:0:50","label":"31","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2101:0:50","label":"32","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id2100:0:50","label":"33","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id299:0:50","label":"34","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id298:0:50","label":"35","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id297:0:50","label":"36","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id296:0:50","label":"37","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id295:0:50","label":"38","page":50,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=50#reader-content"},{"id":"id294:0:51","label":"39","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id293:0:51","label":"40","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id292:0:51","label":"41","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id291:0:51","label":"42","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id290:0:51","label":"43","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id289:0:51","label":"44","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id288:0:51","label":"45","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id287:0:51","label":"46","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id286:0:51","label":"47","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id285:0:51","label":"48","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id284:0:51","label":"49","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"id283:0:51","label":"50","page":51,"pageUrl":"/books/20TC1djY?page=51#reader-content"},{"id":"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