Сочинения

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письма."},{"id":"id36153:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"http://ruslit.traumlibrary.net"},{"id":"id36153:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Александр Николаевич Радищев"},{"id":"id36153:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Александр Радищев — человек и писатель"},{"id":"id36153:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"Путешествие из Петербурга в Москву*"},{"id":"id36153:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"Выезд"},{"id":"id36153:7","kind":"paragraph","text":"София"},{"id":"id36153:8","kind":"paragraph","text":"Тосна"},{"id":"id36153:9","kind":"paragraph","text":"Любани"},{"id":"id36153:10","kind":"paragraph","text":"Чудово"},{"id":"id36153:11","kind":"paragraph","text":"Спасская Полесть"},{"id":"id36153:12","kind":"paragraph","text":"Подберезье"},{"id":"id36153:13","kind":"paragraph","text":"Новгород"},{"id":"id36153:14","kind":"paragraph","text":"Бронницы"},{"id":"id36153:15","kind":"paragraph","text":"Зайцово"},{"id":"id36153:16","kind":"paragraph","text":"Крестьцы"},{"id":"id36153:17","kind":"paragraph","text":"Яжелбицы"},{"id":"id36153:18","kind":"paragraph","text":"Валдай"},{"id":"id36153:19","kind":"paragraph","text":"Едрово"},{"id":"id36153:20","kind":"paragraph","text":"Хотилов"},{"id":"id36153:21","kind":"paragraph","text":"Вышний Волочок"},{"id":"id36153:22","kind":"paragraph","text":"Выдропуск"},{"id":"id36153:23","kind":"paragraph","text":"Торжок"},{"id":"id36153:24","kind":"paragraph","text":"Медное"},{"id":"id36153:25","kind":"paragraph","text":"Тверь"},{"id":"id36153:26","kind":"paragraph","text":"Городня"},{"id":"id36153:27","kind":"paragraph","text":"Завидово"},{"id":"id36153:28","kind":"paragraph","text":"Клин"},{"id":"id36153:29","kind":"paragraph","text":"Пешки"},{"id":"id36153:30","kind":"paragraph","text":"Черная Грязь"},{"id":"id36153:31","kind":"paragraph","text":"Проза"},{"id":"id36153:32","kind":"paragraph","text":"Отрывок путешествия в *** И*** Т****"},{"id":"id36153:33","kind":"paragraph","text":"\u003CО самодержавстве\u003E*"},{"id":"id36153:34","kind":"paragraph","text":"Письмо к другу, жительствующему в Тобольске по долгу звания своего*"},{"id":"id36153:35","kind":"paragraph","text":"Житие Федора Васильевича Ушакова*"},{"id":"id36153:36","kind":"paragraph","text":"Часть первая"},{"id":"id36153:37","kind":"paragraph","text":"О любви"},{"id":"id36153:38","kind":"paragraph","text":"Письмы, касающиеся до первой книги Гельвециева сочинения «О разуме»"},{"id":"id36153:39","kind":"paragraph","text":"Дневник одной недели*"},{"id":"id36153:40","kind":"paragraph","text":"Памятник дактилохореическому витязю*"},{"id":"id36153:41","kind":"paragraph","text":"Предисловие, предуведомление, предъизъяснение, пред… и все тому подобное"},{"id":"id36153:42","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id36153:43","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id36153:44","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id36153:45","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id36153:46","kind":"paragraph","text":"Апология «Тилемахиды» и Шестистопов"},{"id":"id36153:47","kind":"paragraph","text":"Поэзия"},{"id":"id36153:48","kind":"paragraph","text":"Песня*"},{"id":"id36153:49","kind":"paragraph","text":"Творение мира*"},{"id":"id36153:50","kind":"paragraph","text":"Эпитафия*"},{"id":"id36153:51","kind":"paragraph","text":"Вольность*"},{"id":"id36153:52","kind":"paragraph","text":"«Ты хочешь знать: кто я? что я? куда я еду? …»*"},{"id":"id36153:53","kind":"paragraph","text":"«Почто, мой друг, почто слеза из глаз катится…»*"},{"id":"id36153:54","kind":"paragraph","text":"Молитва*"},{"id":"id36153:55","kind":"paragraph","text":"Песнь историческая*"},{"id":"id36153:56","kind":"paragraph","text":"«Час преблаженный…»*"},{"id":"id36153:57","kind":"paragraph","text":"Журавли*"},{"id":"id36153:58","kind":"paragraph","text":"Идиллия*"},{"id":"id36153:59","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ода к другу моему*"},{"id":"id36153:60","kind":"paragraph","text":"Бова*"},{"id":"id36153:61","kind":"paragraph","text":"План богатырской повести Бовы"},{"id":"id36153:62","kind":"paragraph","text":"Бова"},{"id":"id36153:63","kind":"paragraph","text":"Сафические строфы*"},{"id":"id36153:64","kind":"paragraph","text":"Песни, петые на состязаниях в честь древним славянским божествам*"},{"id":"id36153:65","kind":"paragraph","text":"Осьмнадцатое столетие*"},{"id":"id36153:66","kind":"paragraph","text":"О человеке, о его смертности и бессмертии*"},{"id":"id36153:67","kind":"paragraph","text":"Книга первая"},{"id":"id36153:68","kind":"paragraph","text":"Книга вторая"},{"id":"id36153:69","kind":"paragraph","text":"Книга третия"},{"id":"id36153:70","kind":"paragraph","text":"Книга четвертая"},{"id":"id36153:71","kind":"paragraph","text":"Избранные письма к А.Р. Воронцову*"},{"id":"id36153:72","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id36153:73","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id36153:74","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id36153:75","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id36153:76","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id36153:77","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id36153:78","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id36153:79","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id36153:80","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id36153:81","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id36153:82","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id36153:83","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id36153:84","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id36153:85","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id36153:86","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id36153:87","kind":"paragraph","text":"Приложение"},{"id":"id36153:88","kind":"paragraph","text":"\u003CЗавещание\u003E*"},{"id":"id36153:89","kind":"paragraph","text":"В дополнение к моему завещанию"},{"id":"id36153:90","kind":"paragraph","text":"\u003CПоложив непреоборимую преграду…\u003E*"},{"id":"id36153:91","kind":"paragraph","text":"Ангел тьмы. Отрывок из поэмы «Ермак»*"},{"id":"id36153:92","kind":"paragraph","text":"Комментарии"},{"id":"id36153:93","kind":"paragraph","text":"Словарь"},{"id":"id36153:94","kind":"paragraph","text":"Выходные данные"},{"id":"id36153:95","kind":"paragraph","text":"notes"},{"id":"id36153:96","kind":"paragraph","text":"1"},{"id":"id36153:97","kind":"paragraph","text":"2"},{"id":"id36153:98","kind":"paragraph","text":"3"},{"id":"id36153:99","kind":"paragraph","text":"4"},{"id":"id36153:100","kind":"paragraph","text":"5"},{"id":"id36153:101","kind":"paragraph","text":"6"},{"id":"id36153:102","kind":"paragraph","text":"7"},{"id":"id36153:103","kind":"paragraph","text":"8"},{"id":"id36153:104","kind":"paragraph","text":"9"},{"id":"id36153:105","kind":"paragraph","text":"10"},{"id":"id36153:106","kind":"paragraph","text":"11"},{"id":"id36153:107","kind":"paragraph","text":"12"},{"id":"id36153:108","kind":"paragraph","text":"13"},{"id":"id36153:109","kind":"paragraph","text":"14"},{"id":"id36153:110","kind":"paragraph","text":"15"},{"id":"id36153:111","kind":"paragraph","text":"16"},{"id":"id36153:112","kind":"paragraph","text":"17"},{"id":"id36153:113","kind":"paragraph","text":"18"},{"id":"id36153:114","kind":"paragraph","text":"19"},{"id":"id36153:115","kind":"paragraph","text":"20"},{"id":"id36153:116","kind":"paragraph","text":"21"},{"id":"id36153:117","kind":"paragraph","text":"22"},{"id":"id36153:118","kind":"paragraph","text":"23"},{"id":"id36153:119","kind":"paragraph","text":"24"},{"id":"id36153:120","kind":"paragraph","text":"25"},{"id":"id36153:121","kind":"paragraph","text":"26"},{"id":"id36153:122","kind":"paragraph","text":"27"},{"id":"id36153:123","kind":"paragraph","text":"28"},{"id":"id36153:124","kind":"paragraph","text":"29"},{"id":"id36153:125","kind":"paragraph","text":"30"},{"id":"id36153:126","kind":"paragraph","text":"31"},{"id":"id36153:127","kind":"paragraph","text":"32"},{"id":"id36153:128","kind":"paragraph","text":"33"},{"id":"id36153:129","kind":"paragraph","text":"34"},{"id":"id36153:130","kind":"paragraph","text":"35"},{"id":"id36153:131","kind":"paragraph","text":"36"},{"id":"id36153:132","kind":"paragraph","text":"37"},{"id":"id36153:133","kind":"paragraph","text":"38"},{"id":"id36153:134","kind":"paragraph","text":"39"},{"id":"id36153:135","kind":"paragraph","text":"40"},{"id":"id36153:136","kind":"paragraph","text":"41"},{"id":"id36153:137","kind":"paragraph","text":"42"},{"id":"id36153:138","kind":"paragraph","text":"43"},{"id":"id36153:139","kind":"paragraph","text":"44"},{"id":"id36153:140","kind":"paragraph","text":"45"},{"id":"id36153:141","kind":"paragraph","text":"46"},{"id":"id36153:142","kind":"paragraph","text":"47"},{"id":"id36153:143","kind":"paragraph","text":"48"},{"id":"id36153:144","kind":"paragraph","text":"49"},{"id":"id36153:145","kind":"paragraph","text":"50"},{"id":"id36153:146","kind":"paragraph","text":"51"},{"id":"id36153:147","kind":"paragraph","text":"52"},{"id":"id36153:148","kind":"paragraph","text":"53"},{"id":"id36153:149","kind":"paragraph","text":"54"},{"id":"id36153:150","kind":"paragraph","text":"55"},{"id":"id36153:151","kind":"paragraph","text":"56"},{"id":"id36153:152","kind":"paragraph","text":"57"},{"id":"id36153:153","kind":"paragraph","text":"58"},{"id":"id36153:154","kind":"paragraph","text":"59"},{"id":"id36153:155","kind":"paragraph","text":"60"},{"id":"id36153:156","kind":"paragraph","text":"61"},{"id":"id36153:157","kind":"paragraph","text":"62"},{"id":"id36153:158","kind":"paragraph","text":"63"},{"id":"id36153:159","kind":"paragraph","text":"64"},{"id":"id36153:160","kind":"paragraph","text":"65"},{"id":"id36153:161","kind":"paragraph","text":"66"},{"id":"id36153:162","kind":"paragraph","text":"67"},{"id":"id36153:163","kind":"paragraph","text":"68"},{"id":"id36153:164","kind":"paragraph","text":"69"},{"id":"id36152:0","kind":"heading","text":"Александр Николаевич Радищев Сочинения"},{"id":"id36151:0","kind":"heading","text":"Александр Радищев — человек и писатель"},{"id":"id36151:1","kind":"paragraph","text":"Именем Александра Радищева открывается история русского освободительного движения. В. И. Ленин определил роль и место Радищева в истории России как первого революционера, предшественника декабристов и революционеров-разночинцев 70-х годов[1]. Радищев первым осознал коренные противоречия самодержавно-крепостнической России и стал на сторону угнетенного народа. Как зачинатель революционной поэзии он выступил в оде «Вольность»; как мыслитель-революционер он предстает и в «Письме к другу, жительствующему в Тобольске», и в «Житии Федора Васильевича Ушакова», и в других сочинениях. Однако с наибольшей силой ненависть писателя к самодержавию и крепостничеству выразилась в «Путешествии из Петербурга в Москву» — произведении, которое раз и навсегда определило место Радищева в истории русского революционного движения и в истории русской литературы. «Путешествие» вобрало в себя весь разнообразный жизненный опыт писателя, отразило поистине энциклопедический характер его знаний и интересов, подытожило тридцатилетние наблюдения и размышления над самыми разными сторонами российской действительности, событиями мировой и русской истории."},{"id":"id36151:2","kind":"paragraph","text":"Александр Николаевич Радищев родился 20(31) августа 1749 г. Как и большинство его сверстников, начатки образования он получил в домашних условиях — сначала в деревне, а затем в Москве, в доме дальнего родственника, где его учили профессора и учителя Московского университета. Однако в конце 1762 г. Радищев в возрасте тринадцати лет начал службу при дворе в качестве пажа."},{"id":"id36151:3","kind":"paragraph","text":"Двадцать восьмого июня 1762 г. в результате дворцового переворота на престол вступила Екатерина II. Свергнув своего мужа Петра III, новая императрица публично, в обнародованных манифестах, осудила его как государя-деспота и противопоставила низложенному царю себя — просвещенную государыню. Тем самым Екатерина сразу же охарактеризовала свое правление как просвещенную монархию, отличную от государств с деспотическим строем. С первых манифестов Екатерина заговорила языком указов Петра I, — и это было далеко не случайно, как и насаждавшееся ею демонстративное поклонение Петру, культ Петра: ведь для всей прогрессивной русской общественной мысли, философии, литературы (Кантемир, Ломоносов, Сумароков и др.) Петр I был идеалом просвещенного монарха."},{"id":"id36151:4","kind":"paragraph","text":"Однако практическая деятельность Екатерины расходилась с широковещательными декларациями. Отнюдь не стремлением к «общему благу», а желанием обеспечить себе поддержку ближайшего окружения и широких дворянских кругов объяснялись изливавшиеся потоками награды, чины, раздача земель с крепостными, денежные пожалования. С начала правления Екатерина искала опору в среднем дворянстве, а чтобы «опора престола» была прочной, следовало привести в повиновение крестьянство. Бунты же крестьян — крепостных, приписных, монастырских — не прекращались. Отсюда возникала необходимость активизации государственного аппарата, призванного оберегать интересы привилегированного класса. Ряд изданных в 1760-е годы указов окончательно лишил крепостных крестьян всяких, даже формальных, юридических прав. «Крестьянин в законе мертв», — с негодованием восклицал Радищев в «Путешествии», и такое положение было закреплено в русском законодательстве в первые годы екатерининского царствования."},{"id":"id36151:5","kind":"paragraph","text":"О первых программных манифестах Екатерины Радищев узнал из печати: они не только были опубликованы в качестве приложений к обеим русским газетам — «Санкт-петербургским» и «Московским ведомостям», но и многократно переизданы. О дальнейшей деятельности императрицы и правительства, о жизни двора он мог судить по собственным впечатлениям: во время торжеств в Москве, связанных с коронацией Екатерины II, Радищев 25 ноября 1762 г. был «пожалован в пажи», зачислен в Пажеский корпус. Главная цель создания этого учебного заведения заключалась в том, чтобы, неся службу при дворе, пажи имели возможность получать образование и воспитание."},{"id":"id36151:6","kind":"paragraph","text":"За годы пребывания в Пажеском корпусе Радищев приобрел основы разнообразных знаний. Здесь он сблизился с А. М. Кутузовым, А. К. Рубановским, П. И. Челищевым, С. Н. Яновым, познакомился с Д. И. Фонвизиным, брат которого был товарищем Радищева по корпусу. Здесь приобщился к просветительской философии и литературе, знакомство с которыми в эту эпоху было своего рода признаком светской образованности. Вместе с тем Радищев имел возможность наблюдать постоянную борьбу между придворными группировками, между отдельными лицами за возможно более высокие места в дворцовой иерархии, за влияние на императрицу. Оценивая дворцовые нравы с просветительских позиций, Фонвизин вынес приговор всей системе екатерининского самодержавия в «Недоросле»."}],"toc":[{"id":"id36153:0:1","label":"Annotation","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI#reader-content"},{"id":"id36152:0:1","label":"Александр Николаевич Радищев Сочинения","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI#reader-content"},{"id":"id36151:0:1","label":"Александр Радищев — человек и писатель","page":1,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI#reader-content"},{"id":"id36151:67:8","label":"* * *","page":8,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=8#reader-content"},{"id":"id36150:0:9","label":"Путешествие из Петербурга в Москву*","page":9,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=9#reader-content"},{"id":"id36149:0:9","label":"Выезд","page":9,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=9#reader-content"},{"id":"id36148:0:10","label":"София","page":10,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=10#reader-content"},{"id":"id36147:0:10","label":"Тосна","page":10,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=10#reader-content"},{"id":"id36146:0:11","label":"Любани","page":11,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=11#reader-content"},{"id":"id36145:0:12","label":"Чудово","page":12,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=12#reader-content"},{"id":"id36144:0:14","label":"Спасская Полесть","page":14,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=14#reader-content"},{"id":"id36143:0:18","label":"Подберезье","page":18,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=18#reader-content"},{"id":"id36142:0:20","label":"Новгород","page":20,"pageUrl":"/books/4GiwSvTI?page=20#reader-content"},{"id":"id36142:5:20","label":"Из летописи 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